Behavioural intention, behavioural outcomes, educational contents, planned behaviour, social entrepreneurs, ventures creation

          This study examines the influence of social entrepreneurship pedagogy on the behavioural outcomes of the Nigerian universities’ students; regarding their attitudes, intentions and behaviours towards social venture creation. The Nigeria university system is producing graduates as employees rather than employers of labour. Insights were drawn from the theory of planned behaviour and theory ‘U’ in this inquiry. The principles of quantitative and correlational methods were combined in an explanatory research design. The multivariate statistical analyses used in this study are exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, structural equation modelling as well as model fit indices. The results point to a significant positive relationship between social entrepreneurial pedagogy and students behavioural outcomes in the Nigerian universities. Results also show that pedagogical contents exert the greatest influence on students’ intentions towards creating social ventures. Students’ attitudes mediate the relationship between social entrepreneurial pedagogy and students’ behavioural outcomes in Nigeria.

1. Ahmed, S. (2012). Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to DH Lawrence'sSons and Lovers. Internal Journal of English and Literature, 3(3). 60-70.
2. Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behaviour in personality and social psychology. Advances in experimental social psychology, 20, 1-63.
3. Ajzen, I. (1991).Theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
4. Aldrich, H. E., Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: HE Aldrich (Ed.): Population Perspectives on Organisations. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, pp. 13-28.
5. Ajzen, I. (2013). Theory of planned behaviour questionnaire. International Journal of Communication and Management, 21(1), 8-12.
6. Aslam, T.; Awan, A., & Khan, T. (2012). Entrepreneurial intentions among University students of Punjab a province of Pakistan. International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences, 2(14), 114-120. 
7. Ramkissoon-Babwah, N. (2012). An entrepreneurship education model for Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 3(3), 307-311.
8. Bae, T. J.; Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta‐analytic review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217-254.
9. Bagheri, A. Pihie, Z. A. L. (2014). The Factors Shaping Entrepreneurial Intentions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
10. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. (2nd ed). New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
11. Cholil, M. (2015). Analysis of attitude, experience, subjective norm and behavioural control on the entrepreneurial intention and behaviour: A case study toward the Pawners of Sharia Pawnshop of Surakarta Branch Office, Central Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 7(2), 63-74.
12. Chun-Mei, C. H. O. U., Chien-Hua, S. H. E. N., & HSIAO, H. C. (2011). The Influence of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on Entrepreneurial Learning Behaviour-Using Entrepreneurial Intention as the Mediator Variable. International Business and Management, 3(2), pp. 7-11.
13. Douglas, E. J. (1999). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.   Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
14. Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75-93.
15. Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (2nd ed). Sage, London.
16. Franke, N., & Lüthje, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial intentions of business students—A benchmarking study. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 1(3), 269-288.
17. Fellnhofer, K., Puumalainen, K. (2017). Can role models boost entrepreneurial attitudes? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 21(3), 274-290.
18. Günzel-Jensen, F.; Moberg, K., Mauer, R., Neergaard, H. (2017). Self-Efficacy and the Entrepreneurial Mindset Revisited. In Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind (pp. 319-335). Springer International Publishing.
19. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Articles, 6(1), 53-60.
20. Izquierdo, E., & Buelens, M. (2011). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions: the influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitudes. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 13(1), 75-91.
21. Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Lans, T., Mulder, M., & Chizari, M. (2012). The role of entrepreneurship education in developing students’ entrepreneurial intentions.
22. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saeid_Karimi2/publication/256035382_The_Role_of_Entrepreneurship_Education_in_Developing_Students'_Entrepreneurial_Intentions/links/00b49524c952c9fdab000000.pdf
23. Kristiansen, S., & Indarti, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian and Norwegian students. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1), 55-78.
24. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
25. Lourenço, F., Jones, O., & Jayawarna, D. (2013). Promoting sustainable development: The role of entrepreneurship education. International Small Business Journal, 31(8), 841-865.
26. Mars, M. M., & Garrison, S. (2009). Socially-oriented ventures and traditional entrepreneurship education models: a case review. Journal of Education for business, 84(5), 290-296.
27. Moses, C., & Akinbode, M. (2014). Entrepreneurship Curriculum and Pedagogical Challenges in Captivating Students' Interest towards Entrepreneurship Education. Research Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 4(1), 1-10.
28. Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. (4th ed.). Perth: Allen and Unwin.
29. Raijman, R. (2001). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: Mexican immigrants in Chicago. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(5), 393-411.
30. Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 15(4), 13-31.
31. Schemar, S. L. (2007). Theory U: Leading from the future as it emerges. Cambridge: M.A 
32. Schwarz, E. J., & Wdowiak, M. A. (2006). New venture performance in the transition economies: a conceptual model. In Developmental Entrepreneurship: Adversity, Risk, and Isolation (pp. 89-111). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
33. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business venturing, 22(4), 566-591.
34. Wang, C. K., & Wong, P. K. (2004). Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore. Technovation, 24(2), 163-172.
35. Williams, N., & Williams, C. C. (2014). Beyond necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship: some lessons from English deprived urban neighbourhoods. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(1), 23-40.
36. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406.
37. Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008). The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752-774.