JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 16 Volume 07 Issue 1 2012-10-01 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/issue_file/Vol-07_Issue-1.pdf

130 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=130 2013-07-18 This quantitative correlational research study was conducted to compare the degree to which spiritually-based and mainstream retailers’ leadership practices do or do not affect employee morale and employee perceptions of retention. The sample consisted of 98 random retail employees from the Chicago, Illinois area. The employees represented four retail organizations, two spiritually- based and two mainstream organizations. Correlational analyses using data from the survey devise the research findings. The findings revealed that a small difference does exist in employee morale between spiritually-based and mainstream retail employees. Specifically, there exists a difference in the two groups between the relationship between retention and morale. The results also indicated a relationship between leadership practices and employee perceptions of retention in both groups. Ballinger, G., &Schoorman, F. (2007).Individual reactions to leadership succession in workgroups.Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 119-138. Retrieved December 26, 2006, from EBSCOhost database. Becton, C., Wysocki, A., &Kepner, K. (2006).Building teamwork and the importance of trust in a business environment. Retrieved June 19, 2006, from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HR018 Camp, D. (2003). Considering spirituality: Its promise and purpose.Frontiers of Health Services Management, 18(4), 33-38. Cash, K. C., & Gray, G. R. (2000).A framework for accommodating religion and spirituality in the workplace.The Academy of Management Executive, 14(3). Retrieved December 20, 2006, from ProQuest database. Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau.(2006, October).Chicago Demographics. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from http://www.choosechicago.com/stats/ demographics.html City of Chicago.(2007). Retail Chicago Program. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/ Creswell, J. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Elmes, M., & Smith, C. (2001).Moved by the spirit: Contextualizing workplace empowerment in American spiritual ideals.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 37(1).Retrieved December 20, 2006, from Emerald database. Elmes, M., & Smith, C. (2001).Moved by the spirit: Contextualizing workplace empowerment in American spiritual ideals.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 37(1).Retrieved December 20, 2006, from Emerald database. Fleschner, M. (2006, November) How retail managers can stay sane for the holidays. Retrieved November 2006, from http://content.Monster.com/articles/3490/ 18220/1/industry/10/home.aspx Frank, F. (2004). The race for talent: Retaining and engaging workers in the 21st century. Human Resource Planning, 27(3), 12.Retrieved October 2, 2006, from EBSCOhost database. Frank, F., & Taylor, C. (2004). Talent management: Trends that will shape the future. Human Resource Planning, 27(1). Retrieved October 2, 2006, from ProQuest database. Garcia-Zamor, Jr. (2003, May/June). Workplace spirituality and organizational performance.Public Administration Review, 63(3). Retrieved October 7, 2006, from ProQuest database Gawel, J. (1997). Herzberg’s theory of motivation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse. Giacalone, R. A., &Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003).Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Huddleston, P., & Good, L. (1999).Job motivators in Russian and Polish retail firms.International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 27, 383-392. Retrieved July 17, 2006, from EBSCOhost database. Illinois Department of Employment Security.(2004). Chicago Statistics. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from http://www.ides.state.il.us Marques, J. (2006, March).Removing the blinders: A phenomenological study of U.S. based MBA students’ perception of spirituality in the workplace.The Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(1). Retrieved October 7, 2006, from ProQuest database. Marques, J., Dhiman, S., & King, R. (2005, September). Spirituality in the workplace: Developing an integral model and a comprehensive definition. Journal of American Academy of Business, 7(1).Retrieved June 28, 2007, from ProQuest database.  McKnight, D., Harrison, Ahmad, S., & Schroeder, R. (2001). When do feedback, incentive control, and autonomy improve morale? The importance of employee-management relationship closeness.Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4), 466-481. Retrieved October 2, 2006, from EBSCOhost database. Messmer, M. (2006, December).How small slights can cause big damage to morale. Retrieved December 26, 2006, from ProQuest database. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447. Milman, A. (2002, January). Hourly employee retention in the attraction industry: Research from small and medium-sized facilities in Orlando, Florida. Journal of Leisure Property, 2(1), 40. Retrieved October 2, 2006, from ProQuest database. Milman, A., & Ricci, P. (2004, April).Predicting job retention of hourly employees in the lodging industry.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 11(1).Retrieved October 2, 2006, from Thomson Gale database. Mitroff, I. (2003). Do not promote religion under the guise of spirituality. Pharmaceutical News Index, 10(2). Retrieved December 20, 2006, from ProQuest database. Mitroff, I., & Denton, E. (1999).A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mohamed, A., Wisnieski, J., Askar, M., & Syed, I. (2004).Towards a theory of spirituality in the workplace.Competitiveness review, 14(1/2), 102-107. Moxley, R. (2000). Leadership and spirit: Breathing new vitality into individuals and organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.  Neuman, L. (2003). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Nobscot.(2004, November).Retention Management and Metrics. Retrieved August 21, 2006, from www.nobscot.com/survey/index.cfm Paloutzian, R.E., Emmons, R. A., &Keortge, S. G. (2003).Spiritual well being, spiritual intelligence, and healthy workplace policy.Journal of Social Work Education, 26, 15-26. Pizam, A., & Thornburg, S. (2000). Absenteeism and voluntary turnover in central Florida hotels: A pilot study. International Journal of Hospitality and Management, 19(2), 211-217. Plunkett Research. (2006, March 6). Introduction to the Retail Industry. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from www.plunkettresearch.com/industries/retailing Redford. (2006, December 1). Ten tips to becoming a good manager. Travel Weekly. Retrieved December 26, 2006, from EBSCOhost database. Shaw, J. D., Delaney, J. E., Jenkins, G. D., & Gupta, N. (1998).An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover. Academy of Management Review, 41(5), 511-525. Sheep, M. (2004).Nailing down gossamer: A valid measure of the person organization fit of workplace spirituality. Academy of Management, New Orleans. Smith, A., Sparks, L., Hart, S., & Tzokas, N. (2004). Delivering customer loyalty schemes in retailing: Exploring the employee dimension. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 32(4/5), 190-215. Retrieved July 17, 2006, from ProQuest database. Steingard, D. (2005, September). Management theory: Toward profound possibilities for inquiry and transformation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(3), Retrieved September 30, 2006, from ProQuest database. Thompson, W. (2003). Training 101: Can you train people to be spiritual? Training and Development, 54(12), 18-19. Weston, S. (2002). Faith at work.New Zealand Management, 49(3), 28. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-130.pdf Matasha Murrell- Jones Employee morale employee retention retail industry spiritually-based leadership 569080 78 0

131 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=131 2013-07-18 In labor organizations, moral harassment has been worsening in the last few years and it has called the attention of professionals of a wide range of areas, such as medicine, law and psychology, because this phenomenon involves repeated incidents or a pattern of behavior that intends to intimidate, offend, degrade or humiliate a particular person or group of people. The aim of this work is to evaluate how the organizational culture can enhance moral harassment at work. The sample was composed of a hundred and fifty bank workers and a hundred and fifty private practice workers, with ages between eighteen and forty-nine years old and an average social class. The instrument used consists on the application of a questionnaire to measure the incidence level of moral harassment at work in terms of auto perception. It was used the NAQ-R and to analyze the kind of organizational culture we used FOCUS-93. In order to evaluate the relationship existent between organizational culture and moral harassment we followed two lines of orientation, one based on the Quinn’s competing values model and the other one based on the theory of moral harassment of Hirigoyen. The obtained results showed that the organizational culture enhances moral harassment and the goals’ culture is the predominant one. According to Heinz Leymann (1996) this type of culture valorizes stability and control, as orientation to competitiveness in the organization. This culture has an explanative variation of 90% of t Bilhim, J. A. F. (2009). Gestão Estratégica de Recursos Humanos. (4ª ed.). Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas.  Cameron, K. S. (1986). Effectiveness as paradox: Consensus and conflict in conceptions of organizational effectiveness. Management Science, 32(5): 539–553. Dejours, C. (1998). La Souffrance en france. La banalisationa de l´injustice social. Paris: Seuil. Denison, D. R. (1990). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Denison, D. R. (2000). Organizational culture: Can it be a key lever for driving organizational change. In S. Cartwright and C. Cooper (Eds.), The handbook of organizational culture. London: John Wiley & Sons. Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behaviour. 5: 379-401. Einarsen, S. ; Hoel, H. ; Zapf, D. and Cooper, C. L. (2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice. London: Taylor & Francis. Grebot, E. (2007). Harcélement au travail: identifier, prevenir, désarmorcer. Paris: Eyrolles Éditions d´Organisation Hirigoyen, M. F. (1999). Assédio, Coacção e Violência no Quotidiano. Lisboa: Pergaminho. Hirigoyen, M. F. (2002). Assédio no Trabalho: como distinguir a Verdade. Lisboa: Pergaminho.  Yilmaz, C. and Ergun, E. (2008). Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy. Journal of World Business, 43: 290–306. Lee, D. (2000). An analysis of workplace bullying in the United Kingdom. Personnel review, 29 (5), 593-612. Leymann, H. (1996). Mobbing: La persécution au travail. Paris: Seuil.  Neves, J. G. and Jesuíno, J. C. (1994). Cultura Organizacional: estudo empírico com base no modelo dos valores contrastantes. Psicologia, 3 (9), 327-346. Pacheco, M. G. R. (2007). O Assédio Moral no Trabalho: O Elo Mais Fraco. Coimbra: Editions Almedina. Parent-Thirion, A.; Macías, E. F.; Hurley, J. and Vermeylen, G. (2007). Fourth European Working Conditions. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Available at www.eurofound.europa.eu, accessed on April 22nd 2011. Pestana, D. and Velosa, S. (2002). Introdução à Probabilidade e à Estatística (Vol.1). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Pettigrew, A. M. (1979) - On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quartely, 24, 570-581. Quinn, R. E. (1988). Beyond rational management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Quinn, R. E. (1996). Deep Change: Discovering the Leader Within. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.  Quinn, R. E. and Mcgrath, F. R. (1985). The Transformation of Organizational Cultures: A Competing values Perspective. In P. J. Frost; L. F. Moore; M. R. Louis; C. C. Lundberg and J. martin (Eds.). Reframing Organizational Culture. London: Sage Publications.  Rezende, L. O. (2006). A deteriorização das relações de poder dentro do organismo empresarial: Uma análise do assédio moral no contrato de trabalho. Brasil: Curitiba. Robbins, S. P. (2004). Fundamentos do Comportamento Organizacional. São Paulo: Prentice Hall.  Schein, E. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Seigne, E., (1998) Bullying at work in Ireland. Conference Proceedings Bullying at Work Research update Conference, Staffordshire University. Soares, A. (2008). Assédio moral: o stresse das vítimas e das testemunhas. Revista Segurança, 184 (2008) 27-29. Lisboa: Inovergo Tehrani, N. (2005) Bullying at work: beyond policies to a culture of respect. London: CIPD.  Verdasca, A. T. M. (2010). Assédio Moral no Trabalho - Uma aplicação ao sector bancário português. Tese de doutoramento em Sociologia Económicas e das Organizações, available online at ISEG’s repository, available at www.repository.utl.pt, accessed on January 22nd 2011. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-131.pdf Isabel Grazina Jose Magalhaes Moral harassment bullying organizational culture 667712 64 0

132 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=132 2013-07-18 The Indian retail market is one of the most promising in the world and it is growing. So is the Indian consumer, across all socioeconomic strata, regions, towns and classes. Rising incomes, multiple income households, exposure to international lifestyles and media, easier financial credit and an upbeat economy are enhancing aspirations and consumption patterns. The retailing industry in India, specifically organized retail, seems poised for a significant growth in the coming years owning to the presence of a vast market, growing consumer awareness about products and services, higher disposable income of the consumers and the desire to try out new products. Supermarkets will be one of the major centers for shopping. Thus to tap the opportunities in this sector, it is important to understand what factors that influence consumers and how is the current shopping behaviour pattern in India. Study finds out that, physical factors (discounts, quality, local brands, display and visual appeal) (2) social factors include (salesmen behaviour and choice of children) (3) temporal factors (open space) should be considered by the super marketers while designing marketing strategy for Indian consumers as these factors are having influence upon the number of visits and amount spent in the supermarket. Kunkel, J.H. and Berry, L.L. 1968. A behavioural conception of retail image, Journal of Marketing 32:  21-7. Zimmer, M.R. and Golden, L.L. 1988. Impressions of retail stores: a content analysis of consumer images, Journal of Retailing 64 (3): 265-93. Memery, J., Megicks, P. and Williams, J. 2006. Ethical and Social Responsibility issues in grocery shopping: a preliminary topology, Qualitative Market Research: An international Journal 8 (4): 399 – 412. Donthu, N. and Gilliland, D. 1996. The Infomercial Shopper, Journal of Advertising Research 36 (2):  69-76. Moschis, G. P. 1976. Shopping Orientations and Consumer Uses of Information, Journal of Retailing 52(2): 61-70. Sinha, P. K. 2003. Shopping Orientation in the Evolving Indian Market, Vikalpa,  28 ( 2): pp 13 – 22. Bettman, James R. 1979. Memory Factors in Consumer Choice: A Review, Journal of Marketing 43:  37 – 53. Crosby, L.A., Evans, K.R. and Cowles, D. 1990. Relationship quality in services selling: an interpersonal influence perspective, Journal of Marketing 54:  68 – 81. Kim, B.D. and Park, K. 1997. Studying patterns of consumer’s grocery shopping trips, Journal of Retailing 73(4): 501–17. Lichtenstein, D.R., Netemeyer, R.G. and Burton, S. 1995. Assessing the domain specificity of deal proneness: a field study, Journal of Consumer Research 22(December): 314–26. Beatty, S.E. and Ferrell, E.M. 1998. Impulse buying: modeling its precursors, Journal of Retailing 74(2): 169–91. Sharma, A. 1997. Salesperson attributes and the Customer – salesperson interaction, in Sheth, J, and Parvatiyar, A. (eds) Research in Marketing, Greenwich, CT: Jai Press: 185 – 209. Williams, M.R. 1998. The influence of Salespersons customer orientation on buyer – seller relationship development, Journal of business & industrial Marketing 13 (3): 271 – 287. Sojka, J. Z. and Giese, J. L. 2003. Using individual differences to detect customer shopping behaviour, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 13 (4): 337 – 353. Otens, C. and McGrath, M.N. 2001. Perceptions and realities of Male Shopping Bheaviour, Journal of Retailing 77: 111 – 137. Gro¨ ppel-Klein, A., Thelen, E. and Antretter, C. 1999. The impact of shopping motives on store assessment, in: B. Duboise, T. Lowrey, L. Shrum and M. Vanhuelle (Eds) European Advances in Consumer Research 45: 63–76.  Dawson, S., Bloch, P. and Ridgway, N. 1990. Shopping motives, emotional states, and retail outcomes, Journal of Retailing 66(4): 408–427. Hutcheson, G.D. and Mutinho, L. 1998. Measuring preferred store satisfaction using consumer choice criteria as a mediating factor, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 14: 705 -720. Venugopal, P. (2001), Marketing Channel Management: A Customer-Centric Approach, Response Books, New Delhi. Dash, J.F., Schiffman, L.G. and Berenson, C. 1976. Risk and personality-related dimensions of store choice, Journal of Marketing 40:  32-39. Malhotra, N.K. .1983. A threshold model of store choice, Journal of Retailing 59  (2): 3-21. Bloch, P.H., Ridgway, N.M. and Nelson, J.E. 1991. Leisure and the Shopping Mall’’, in Holman, R. and Solomon, M. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18, Association of Consumer Research: Ann Arbor, MI :445-51. Loudon, D.L. and Bitta, A.J.D. 1993. Consumer Behavior: Concepts and Applications, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Underhill, P. 2005. Call of the Mall. Simon Schuster, New York, NY. Kaufman, C.F. 1996.  A new look at one-stop shopping: a TIMES model approach to matching store hours and shopper schedules, Journal of Consumer Marketing 13 (1):  4-52. Wakefield, K. L. and Baker, J. 1998. Excitement at the mall: determinants and effects on shopping, Journal of Retailing: 515-50. Woodside, A.G. and Trappey, R.J. 1992. Finding out why customers shop at your store and buy your brand: automatic cognitive processing models of primary choice, Journal of Advertising Research 32: 59-78. Jin, B. and Kim, J. 2003. A typology of Korean discount shoppers: shopping motives, store attributes, and outcomes, International Journal of Service Industry Management 14 (4): 396-419. Martin, C. and Turley, L. 2004. Malls and consumption motivation: an exploratory examination of older Generation Y consumers, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 32 (10): 464-75. Ruiz, J., Chebat, J. and Hansen, P. 2004.  Another trip to the mall: a segmentation study of customers based on their activities, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 11: 333-50. Yavas, U. 2003. A multi-attribute approach to understanding shopper segments, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 31 (11): 541-548. Ahmed, Z. U., Ghingold, M., Dahari, Z. 2007. Malaysian shopping mall behaviour: an exploratory study, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 19 (4) 3: 31 – 348. Marsden D. 2001. Deconstructing consumer behaviour: theory and practice. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 1 (1): 9-21. Miranda, M. J., Konya, L., Havrial, I. 2005.  Shopper’s satisfaction levels are not the only key to store loyalty, Marketing Intelligence & Planning 23 (2):  230 -232. El – Adly, M.I. 2007. Shopping mall attractiveness: a segmentation approach, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 35 (11):  936 – 950. Martinez, E., Montaner, T. 2006. The effect of consumer psychographic variables on deal proneness, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 13: 157 – 168. Kaur, P., Singh, R. 2007. Uncovering retail shopping motives of Indian youth, Young Consumers 8 (2) 128 – 138. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-132.pdf Bikramjit Rishi Harvinder Singh Supermarket Shopping Behaviour Physical Factors Social Factors Temporal Factors. 588661 75 0

133 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=133 2013-07-18 In this research paper researchers basically focused on behaviour of consumer mainly on purchasing pattern in various store formats and store preference on the basis of product availability, spending pattern, consumers preferred store, sales man services, and store layout. Researchers observed that the customers prefer retail outlets because of price discount, followed by variety of products in the store and convenience to the customer.. Researchers have also observed that departmental stores are most popular amongst consumers. Customers purchase behavior varies with price and availability of products and customers spending pattern shrinks due to poor quality of products. Browns (1987) Institutional change in retailing: A review & synthesis, Europeans of Marketing. 21(6) 5-36. Lennart Schirmer (2007) The changing communication of the retail industries: A critical analysis of status quo and the development of new ways of addressing consumers pg no. 6-9 Gist R R (1968) Retailing Concepts & decision, 196, Newyork Wiley & sons pg. no. 4-8. Gilbert D C (1990) The development of marketing – A compendium of historical approaches, Quarterly Review of Marketing 15-2, G13. Keith R. J (1996) The marketing revolution. Marketing Classics 8th ed. Allyn & Bacon (London). A C Nelson (2006) The Retailing Handbook. Oxford NTC Publications, London. Time (2006) Retail revolution in USA. Some visible lessons. Pg. no. 17-21. McNair M.P. (1958) Significant trends and developments in the post war period, Pittusburg P. A. Uni. Of Pittusberg Pg. no. 76 Keith R. R., The Marketing Revolution. Levy B. D. Weitz .A. P, The Retail management Strategies, McGraw Hill,New York. Dawson John (2000), Retailing at century end: some challenges for management and research, Int. Rev. of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 10:2 pg. 119–148 Kristy E. Reynolds, Sharon E. Beatty (1999), Customer Benefits and Company Consequences of Customer-Salesperson Relationships in Retailing, Journal of Retailing, Volume 75(l), pp. 1132 Sangman Han, Sunil Gupta, Donald R. Lehmann (2001), Consumer price sensitivity and price thresholds, Journal of Retailing 77 (2001) 435–456 Belch, GE & Belch MA 2007, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, 7th edn, McGraw Hill/Irwin, New York. Louis W Stern ,Adel. El-Ansary , Annet T.Coughalan ,Marketing Channels (5th edition)   Prentice Hall of India , New Delhi , 1998 Philip, Kotler, Marketing Management , Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte.Ltd, New Delhi , 2003. Satish Batra , S,H,H,Kazmi , Consumer behavior , Excel Books , New Delhi 2004 Nikhilesh Dholkia , Rakesh Khurana , Labdhi Bhandari , Abhinandan K Jian , Marketing Management cases and concepts , Mcmilan I. Ltd., New Delhi , 2003 K.K.Srivastav,Sujata Khandai , Consumer behavior , Galgotia publishing company , New Delhi , 2003 Jackson, Edgar L. (1991): Shopping and leisure: Implications of West Edmonton Mall for leisure and for leisure research. The Canadian Geographer 35, 280-287. Newby, Peter (1993): Shopping as leisure. In: Bromley, Rosemary D. & Thomas, Colin J., (eds): Retail Change - Contemporary Issues. 208-228. UCL Press Fernie, John (1997): Retail change and retail logistics in the united kingdom: Past trends and future prospects. The Service Industries Journal 17, 383-396. Robert V. Kozinets,John F. SherryY, Jr., Benet Deberry-Spence, Adam Dhachek,Krittinee Nuttavuthisit,Diana Sstorm, Themed Flagship Brand Stores in the New Millennium: Theory, Practice, Prospects, Journal of Retailing Special Issue,2002 Rebates, Matches, and Consumer Behavior  Douglas D. Davis+ and Edward L. Millner http://www.people.vcu/~ddavis Carrie Heilman ,Kyryl Lakishyk ,Sonja Radas ,Kent Nakamoto The Effect of In-Store Free Samples on Short- and Long-Term Purchasing Behavior , 2004 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-133.pdf B.V.Sangvikar Hemant J. Katole Consumer behaviour consumer purchase preference spending pattern store layout 571731 86 0

134 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=134 2013-07-18 The oil crises of the 1970s were the major driving factor which made the government to intervene in the oil & gas sector. Until the late 1990s, the country’s fuel prices were controlled by the government through a policy called the Administered Pricing Mechanism (APM). Subsequent to the 1991 economic reforms in India, had given a new direction to the oil & gas sector. The oil industry is divided into three streams like upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream basically covers exploration and production of crude oil & gas, midstream covers movement of materials through pipelines and downstream covers marketing of petroleum products through retail outlets (ROs). In general term selling petroleum products through outlets is known as Petro-retailing business. Petro-retailing is the face of oil marketing companies and sells products/services directly to the customers. Petro-retailing in Indian market is facing many challenges like low margins, increasing cost of land in urban as well as in rural areas, since switching cost for customer is low and expecting high services leads to a very low loyalty for the outlets and increasing competition due to entry of private players like Reliance, Shell & Essar etc. To overcome all burning challenges oil marketing companies now thinking of offerings non-fuel services/allied services like convenience stores, ATMs, Fast food outlets etc. The basic objectives behind such offerings are not only to maximize the profit but increase the c Ahmedabad Mirror (September 28, 2011) Annual General Meeting, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Ahmedabad Mirror (September 19, 2011), Annual General Meeting Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Anirvana C and Ravi VN (2011) An analysis of Marketing and Consumption Trends in    Indian Oil Industry. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, Vol. 2(1):33-46. January, 2011 Bharat Petroleum targets Rs.20 bn revenue from non-fuel business. (2008, July 3). Retrieved September 28, 2011, from: http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bharat-petroleum-targets-rs20-bn-revenue-from-non-fuel-business_10067375.html Business Line. (April 24, 2007). IOC non-fuel retail initiatives gather pace . Retrieved September 23, 2011 from http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ioc-non-fuel-retail-initiatives-gather-pace-_277759-1.html British Petroleum (2010) Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum Available at: www.bp.com Business Standard (2003, February 20) BPCL eyes higher returns via non-fuel retail business. Retrieved September 20, 2011 from  http://www.business-standard.com/india/printpage.php?autono=126501&tp=, Cohen M and Bradfield E (2001).Petrol Retailing with in a Global Context, First Edn. Whurr Publishers, London and Philadelphia Corporate News (2006, November 22) Aadhaar Express at HPCL Hamara Pump Retail Outlets. 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Retrieved September 23, 2011, from Business Line: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011751280200.htm Modi D (2011, February 08) Money for nothing. Retrieve August 17, 2011 from Times of India  http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-08/edit-page/28544372_1_crude-prices-petrol-prices-oil-prices Non-fuel Biz To Pump Growth. (2004, January 5). Retrieved August 10, 2011, from Financial Express: http://www.financialexpress.com/news/nonfuel-biz-to-pump-growth/59166/0 Onojaefe D and Bytheway A (2010) Brand Management in a Transforming Economy: An examination of the South African petroleum Industry. African Journal of Marketing Management Vol.2 (1): 01-09, January, 2010 Rathod RM and Patel R (2005).Creating consumers’ mindset in petrol retail management. Business Perspectives, 8(1), 91-100. Sarkar A (2009). Petro Economics. First Edn, Pentagon Energy Press, New Delhi  Sen A. (2005), “Non-Fuel Retailing: From Fringes to Focus”, Infraline Energy Research & Information Services, Conference on Strategic Shift in Indian Downstream Sector. Shell India (2011) Shell Foundation in India retrieved from http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/ Soni A. (2011), “Country profile: petroleum-product subsidies in India”, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), June 21, 2011 retrieved from http://www.iisd.org/gsi/news/country-profile-petroleum-product-subsidies-india TERI. (2009). India’s Energy Security: New opportunities for a sustainable future. The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi TERI. (2010). TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook, 2010.The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi Vora R. (2011, April 29). Fuel Retailers bank on Non-Fuel Retailing. Retrieved September 18, 2011, from Business Standard:   http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fuel-retailers-banknon-fuel-retailing-/433862/ Note: Readers may refer companies’ website to know more about initiatives taken by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) in India towards NFR. Company’s websites:  Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL): www.bpcl.com Essar Oil Limited (EOL): www.essar.com Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL): www.hpcl.com Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL): www.iocl.com Reliance Industries Limited (RIL): www.ril.com Shell India: www.shell.com   https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-134.pdf Kaushal Kishore R. P. Patel Petro-retailing Non-Fuel Retailing Regulation and Business Environment 577009 76 0

135 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=135 2013-07-18 Color plays a significant role in triggering emotions in people. The current research studied the role of perception of colors in consumer decision making process. The study focuses on how the departmental stores by using different colors/color combinations in logo, the brand name, the tagline, and the slogan reach to their audiences. How are these colors interpreted by audiences and do they have a positive or negative effect on decision making? How do consumers perceive these messages and eventually decide to make purchases into a particular departmental store. Data collected from fifty respondents through an administered survey by unstructured questionnaire method is analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The sampling technique used is convenient sampling. The data collected is mostly primary in nature. Major conclusions of the study were that colors do play an important role in triggering emotions of the consumers. Consumers relate certain colors to socio economic class and accordingly decide to choose their shopping place. They were also able to recall departmental store names on the basis of color/color combinations. However few respondents agreed that color does not play any important role in their decision making; it is in fact the appearance, music played in the store, services offered by the store that help in decision making. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 27, 2010, from www.scribd.com: http://www.scribd.com/doc/11607688/Impact-of-Color-on-Consumer-Purchase-Behavior (n.d.). Retrieved Dec 14, 2010, from www.udel.edu: http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html A Gordon, K. F. (1994). The Psychological Effects of Colour in Consumer Product Packaging. Canadian Journal of Marketing Research, 13 , 3-11. A.Sukumar. (2008). A Study on consumer satisfaction towards departmental stores in Coimbatore. Coimbatore. Armore, S. J. (1973). Elementary Statistics and Decision Making. Columbus: OH: Merrill. 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136 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=136 2013-07-18 The aim of this research is to analyze logistics performance management of retail firms in Thailand. We explore how the relationships between information systems usage and logistics performance management that are measured by logistics performance indicators. In addition, the study also examines correlation analysis to find what factors that have influence on logistics performance management. We conducted a survey of 103 retail firms in Thailand. The empirical results indicate that the information systems usage in logistics activities has a significant impact on the firm’s logistics performance management.The implications and further exploration are discussed. ANDERSSON, P., ARONSSON, H. & STORHAGEN, N. G. 1989.Measuring logistics performance.Engineering Costs and Production Economics, 17, 253-262. APTEL, O. & POURJALALI, H. 2001. Improving activities and decreasing costs of logistics in hospitals: a comparison of U.S. and French hospitals. The International Journal of Accounting, 36, 65-90. BAYRAKTAR, E., DEMIRBAG, M., KOH, S. C. L., TATOGLU, E. & ZAIM, H. 2009. A causal analysis of the impact of information systems and supply chain management practices on operational performance: Evidence from manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 122, 133-149. BüYüKöZKAN, G., FEYZIOGLU, O. & NEBOL, E. 2008.Selection of the strategic alliance partner in logistics value chain.International Journal of Production Economics, 113, 148-158 . ÇELEBI, D., BAYRAKTAR, D. &BINGöL, L. 2010. Analytical Network Process for logistics management: A case study in a small electronic appliances manufacturer. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 58, 432-441. CHOW, H. K. H., CHOY, K. L., LEE, W. B. & CHAN, F. T. S. 2005. Design of a knowledge-based logistics strategy system.Expert Systems with Applications, 29, 272-290. GARCIA, F. A., MARCHETTA, M. G., CAMARGO, M., MOREL, L. & FORRADELLAS, R. Q. 2011.A framework for measuring logistics performance in the wine industry.International Journal of Production Economics, 135, 284-298. HAGHANI, A. & OH, S., 1996.  Formulation  and  solution  of  a  multi-commodity,  multi-modal  network flow  model  for  disaster  relief operations. Transportation Research A, 30, 231–250. HAIR, J.F., ANDERSON, R.E., TATHAM, R.L., BLACK, W.C., 1998.Multivariate Data Analysis.Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. KAISER, H.F. 1974. An index of factorial simplicity.Psychometrika 39, 31–36. KAPLAN, R. S. & NORTON, D. S. 1996. Using the scorecard as a strategic management system.Harvard Business Review, 75–85. KURATA, H. & LIU, J. J. 2007.Optimal promotion planning--depth and frequency--for a two-stage supply chain under Markov switching demand.European Journal of Operational Research, 177, 1026-1043. LAI, K.-H., WONG, C. W. Y. & CHENG, T. C. E. 2010. Bundling digitized logistics activities and its performance implications. Industrial Marketing Management, 39, 273-286. LAITINEN, E. K. 2002. A dynamic performance measurement system: evidence from small Finnish technology companies. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 18, 65-99. LEE, C. K. M., HO, W., HO, G. T. S. & LAU, H. C. W. 2010. Design and development of logistics workflow systems for demand management with RFID.Expert Systems with Applications, doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.10.012 LOUKIS, E. N., SAPOUNAS, I. A. & MILIONIS, A. E. 2009. The effect of hard and soft information and communication technologies investment on manufacturing business performance in Greece - A preliminary econometric study.Telematics and Informatics, 26, 193-210. MURTHY, D. N. P., SOLEM, O. & ROREN, T. 2004. Product warranty logistics: Issues and challenges. European Journal of Operational Research, 156, 110-126. NGAI, E. W. T., LAI, K.-H.& CHENG, T. C. E. 2008. Logistics information systems: The Hong Kong experience. International Journal of Production Economics, 113, 223-234. NUNNALLY, J.C. 1967. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. O¨ ZDAMAR, L., EKINCI, E., KU¨C¸U¨KYAZACI, B., 2004. Emergency logistics planning in natural disasters.Annals of Operations Research, 129, 217–245. QUEZADA, L. E., CORDOVA, F. M., PALOMINOS, P., GODOY, K. & ROSS, J. 2009. Method for identifying strategic objectives in strategy maps. International Journal of Production Economics, 122, 492-500 TILOKAVICHAI, V. & SOPHATSATHIT, P. 2011. An Organization-Wide Analysis of ERP and Information Systems Interrelationship for Logistics Support. Journal of System and Management Sciences, 1, 59-68. WU, Y.-C.J. & HUANG, I. C. 2007. Operations research practice on logistics management in Taiwan: An academic view. European Journal of Operational Research, 182, 428-435.   https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-136.pdf Varanya Tilokavichai Peraphon Sophatsathit Achara Chandrachai Information System Logistics Performance Management Performance Measurement Retail Firms 613860 87 0

137 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=137 2013-07-18 Counterfeit products account between 5-7% of world trade, worth an estimated US$600 billion in revenue a year (International Chamber of Commerce 2007). Theoretical and empirical research on counterfeit products is scarce, especially research from consumers' perspectives. This paper presents a pragmatic study that focuses on factors that influence Indian consumers' perceptions on attitudes about counterfeits. A descriptive study of eight respondents was conducted; their participation in the discussions was analyzed. Conclusions have been drawn based on consensus and views expressed. Research findings indicate that consumers are influenced by peer pressure, social acceptance and cost benefits as factors that motivate them to indulge in buying or using counterfeit products. Additionally, there are strong factors that bear an influence to use genuine products such as home conditioning, influence of role models and appreciated personalities. 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Chapa, S., Minor, M., Maldonado, C.,(2006),“Product category and origin on consumer responses to counterfeits: Comparing Mexico and the U.S.”Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 18(4), 79-99. d’Astous, Alain, and Ezzdine Gargouri (2001), “Consumer Evaluations of Brand Imitations,” European Journal of Marketing, 35 (1/2), 153-167. Dawar, Niraj and Philip Parker (1994), “Marketing Universals: Consumers’ Use of Brand Name, Price, Physical Appearance, and Retailer Reputation as Signals of Product Quality,” Journal of Marketing, 58 (April), 81-95. Fishbein, M. and I. Ajzen, (1975),“Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: an introduction to theory and research.” Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Gentry, J.W., S. Putrevu, C. Shultz II, & S. Commuri (2001),“How now Ralph Lauren. The separation of brand and product in a counterfeit culture,”Advances in Consumer Research, 28, 258-265. 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138 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=138 2013-07-18 Self-service technologies in retail have not been studied on a large scale despite their increasing importance. The major aim of this article is to increase our understanding of automated processes in retail by employing an in-depth analysis of one case. The object of study is a fully automated food shop in Western Finland, in a small village. After a brief review of customer participation and self-service technologies in general, the object of study is analyzed by means of a survey. A total of 82 persons (= 27.3 % of the village population) took part in the survey. The findings indicate that the automated concept has great relevance for the customers. Customers were committed to the service concept and the general perception of quality is rather high. Lack of personal service is not generally perceived as an issue, but according to this study, age seems to have a weak impact on the customers’ perceived difficulty of use of the vending machines. Managerially it has become clear that traditional retail research does not provide sufficient information for automated stores. In terms of further research, a study on automated stores in urban surroundings and an in-depth analysis of the ways of communication between vending machines and customers are suggested. Ackroyd, S. (1996). Organizations Contra Organizations. Organization Studies. 7, 599-622. Baron, S., Harris, K. & Davies, B. J. (1996). Oral Participation in Retail Service Delivery: A Comparison of the Roles of Contact Personnel and Customers. European Journal of Marketing, 30(9), 75-90. Baron, S., Harris, K., Leaver, D. & Oldfield, B. M. (2001). Beyond Convenience: The Future for Independent Food and Grocery Retailers in the UK. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 11(4), 395-414. Bettencourt, L. A. (1997). Customer Voluntary Performance: Customers as Partners in Service Delivery.Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 383-406. Broekemier, G. & Cooper, J. (1997). Rural Retailing: Behavioral Research Results and Implications for Managerial Strategy. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 50-55. Chien-Heng, C. (2009). The Relationship between Customer Participation and Customer Relationship Strength. NTU Management Review, 19(2), 233-262. Curran, J. M. & Meuter, M. L. (2005). Self-service Technology Adoption: Comparing Three Technologies. The Journal of Services Marketing, 19(2), 103-113. Cunningham, L. F.; Young, C.E. & Gerlach, J. (2009). A Comparison of Consumer Views of Traditional Services and Self-Service Technologies. The Journal of Services Marketing, 23(1), 11-23. Dabholkar, P. A. & Bagozzi, R. P. (2002). 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(2000). Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Consumer Satisfaction with Technology-Based Service Encounters. Journal of Marketing. 64(3), 50-64. Ojasalo, K.  (2003). Customer Influence on Service Productivity. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 68(3), 14-19. Puccinelli, N., Goodstein, R., Grewal, D., Price, R., Raghubir, P. & Stewart, D. (2009). Customer Experience Management in Retailing: Understanding the Buying Process. Journal of Retailing: Enhancing the Retail Customer Experience, 85(1). Selnes, F. & Hansen, H. (2001). The Potential Hazard of Self-Service in Developing Customer Loyalty. Journal of Service Research, JSR, 4(2), 79-90. Schneider, B. & Bowen, D., E. (1995). Winning the Service Game. Boston. Harvard Business School Press. Swoboda, B., Haelsig, F., Schramm-Klein, H. & Morschett, D. (2009). Moderating Role of Involvement in Building a Retail Brand. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(11), 952-974. Vargo, S., L. & Lusch, P. (2008). Service-Dominant Logic: Continuing the Evolution. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Sciences. 35, 1-10. Weijters, B., Rangarajan, D., Falk, T. & Schillewaert, N. (2007). Determinants and Outcomes of Customers' Use of Self-Service Technology in a Retail Setting. Journal of Service Research : JSR, 10(1), 3-21. Verhoef, P., Lemon, K., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M. & Schlesinger, L. (2009). Customer Experience Creation: Determinants, Dynamics and Management Strategies. Journal of Retailing: Enhancing the Retail Customer Experience, 85(1), 31-41. Xie, C., Bagozzi, R., P. & Troye, S.,V. (2008). Trying to Presume: Toward a Theory of Consumers as Co-Creators of Value. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science. 36, 109-122. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-138.pdf Marko Maki Teemu Kokko Retail Self-service Self-service technologies Automated services Customer participation 586211 74 0

139 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=139 2013-07-18 This study endeavoured to examine the antecedents of customer’s willingness to buy store branded household cleaning products. The study examined this phenomenon in a retail setting by considering the key constituents of perceived value, as proposed by Sweeney, Soutar & Johnson (1999). Respondents were recruited through an in-store survey and the data analysed using PLS path modelling. The results verify those identified by Sweeney et al. Strong relationships between perceived relative price and perceived product value, as well as between perceived product value and willingness-to-buy, were found to exist. A powerful negative relationship was observed between perceived product quality and perceived risk. The results indicate that establishing a value perception is critical in the buying process. Tangible cues exhibiting high quality (e.g. packaging, shelf space, media placement, etc) need profound attention. 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New York: McGraw-Hill.  Monroe, K.B. & Krishnan, R. 1985. “The effect of price on subjective product evaluations” in Perceived quality: How consumers view stores and merchandise (edited by J. Jacoby & J. Olson), Lexington Books: Lexington, MA, p.p. 209-232.  Monroe, K.B. and Lee, A.Y. 1999, “Remembering versus knowing: issues in buyers’ processing of price information”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 207-25. Murphy, P.E. & Enis, B.M. 1986, "Classifying products strategically", The Journal of Marketing, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 24-42. Narasimhan, C. & Wilcox, R.T. 1998, "Private labels and the channel relationship: A cross-category analysis", Journal of Business, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 573-600.  Nirmalya, K. 2007, “The right way to fight for shelf domination”, Advertising Age, 78(4), 24-35. Peter, J.P., and Tarpey, L.X. 1975, “A Comparative Analysis of Three Consumer Decision Strategies”, Journal of Consumer Research, 2 (June), 29-45. 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Information systems development: advances in theory, practice, and education. [Online]. Available: http://books.google.co.za/books?id=rV0YDm2khksC&dq=cut-off+for+Average+Variance+Extracted&source=gbs_navlinks_s [29 August 2011] Verhoef, P., Nijssen, E. & Sloot, L. 2002, Strategic Reactions of National Brand Manufacturers towards Private Labels, European Journal of Marketing, Vol 36, No 11, 1309-1326. Wangenheim, F. & Bayon, T. 2007, “Behavioural consequences of overbooking service capacity”, Journal of Marketing, 71:36–47. Zeithaml, V.A. 1988, "Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence", Journal of Marketing, 2-22. Zielke, S. and Dobbelstein, T. 2007, “Customers’ willingness to purchase new store brands”, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol 16, No 2, 112-121. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-139.pdf Justin Beneke Customer Relationship Brands Value Retail Settings Service Quality 558545 62 0

140 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=140 2013-07-18 This paper offers an exploratory review of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues currently being publicly addressed by the world’s leading fashion goods retailers. The paper begins with a short discussion of the origins and characteristics of CSR and a thumbnail sketch of the fashion goods industry. The empirical information for the paper is drawn from the CSR information posted on the Internet by the world’s top ten fashion goods retailers. The findings reveal that while all the top ten fashion goods retailers publicly provide information on the impacts their businesses have in the marketplace, on the environment, on their workforce and on the communities in which they operate there was considerable variation in the extent of that information. More generally the paper offers some reflections on the CSR agendas being pursued by the world’s leading fashion goods retailers. Brown, T. J. and Dacin, P. A. (1997), ‘The Company and Product: Corporate Associations and Consumer Product Responses’, Journal of Marketing, Vol.61 No.1, pp.68-84. Crewe, L. (2008) ‘Ugly Beautiful? Counting the cost of the global fashion industry’, Geography, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 25-33. CSR Europe (2009) ‘Trends and Best Practice in Online Reporting CSR/Sustainability Reporting’, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/reportingdisclosure/swedishpresidency/files/surveys_and_reports/trends_and_best_practice_in_online_csr_and_sustainability_rep_en.pdf  Datamonitor (2009) ‘Consumer Goods Global Industry Guide’, http://www.marketresearch.com/Datamonitor-v72/Consumer-Goods-Global-Guide-2510090/view-toc/ De Brito, M. P., Carbone, V. and Blanquart, C. M. (2008) ‘Towards a sustainable fashion retail supply chain in Europe; Organisation and performance’, International Journal of Production Economics’ Vol. 114, pp.534-553. 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(1982) ‘Capitalism and Freedom’, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. Forum for the Future (2011) ‘Fashion Futures 2025’, http://www.forumforthefuture.org/sites/default/files/project/downloads/fashionfuturespresentationpdf.pdf  Godfrey, P.C. and Hatch N.W. (2007) ‘Researching Corporate Social Responsibility: an Agenda for the 21st Century’, Journal of Business Ethics, 70, pp. 87-98 Girod, S. and Michael, B. (2003) ‘Branding in European Retailing: A corporate social responsibility perspective’, European Retail Digest, Vol. 38, pp. 1-6. Henderson, D. (2001), ‘The Case Against Corporate social Responsibility’, Policy, Vol.17 No.2, pp.28-32. Hopkins, M. and Crowe, R. (2003), ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Is there a Business Case?’ www.accaglobal.com/pdfs/members_pdfs/publications/csr03.pdf  Jones, P., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2006) ‘Corporate social responsibility and the UK construction industry’, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp.134-150.  Kitchin, T. (2003), ‘Corporate social responsibility: A brand explanation’, The Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10 No.4-5, pp.312-326. Middlemiss, N. (2003), ‘Authentic not cosmetic: CSR as brand enhancement’, The Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10 No.4-5, pp.353-61.  Moir, L. (2001), ‘What do We Mean By Corporate Social Responsibility?’ Corporate Governance, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp.16-22. Piercy, N. F. and Lane, N. (2009) ‘Corporate social responsibility: impacts on strategic marketing and customer value’, The Marketing Review, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp.335-360.  Porter, M. E. and Kramer, M. R. (2006), ‘Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Social Responsibility’; Harvard Business Review, Vol.84 No.12, pp.78-92. Sadler, D. (2004), ‘Anti-corporate Campaigning and Corporate Social Responsibility: Towards Alternative Spaces of Citizenship?’ Antipode, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp.851-869. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007), ‘Research Methods for Business Studies’, Prentice-Hall, Harlow. Werner, W. and Chandler, D. B. (2011) ‘Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.  THE WORLD’S TOP TEN FASHION GOODS RETAILERS’ WEB SITE ADDRESSES Macy’s http://www.macys.com/  TJX http://www.tjx.com/  Kohl’s http://www.kohlscorporation.com/AboutKohls/AboutKohls01.htm J.C. Penney http://www.jcpenney.com/jcp/default.aspx Inditex http://www.inditex.com/en  LVMH http://www.lvmh.com/  H&M http://www.hm.com/gb/  Gap http://www.gap.com/  Isetan http://www.imhds.co.jp/english/index.html     Limited Brands http://www.limitedbrands.com/  https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-140.pdf Peter Jones Daphne Comfort David Hillier Fashion goods retailers corporate social responsibility 579940 60 0

141 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=141 2013-07-18 The main aim of this paper is studying of globalization effects on job level. The data set used cover 10 countries over the period 1980-2009. Before proceeding to estimate panel data, we carry out unit root tests to examine whether the variables are stationary. Empirical studies show that the globalization has both increased and decreased the employment. Decrease or increase of employment and its relationship with globalization is studies in this paper. In the present study, using the method of estimating the function of labor demand and the dynamic theory of labor market through four main criteria of globalization namely trade liberalization, employment, FDI, financial market effect (Islamic banking) and the theoretical foundations of the relationship between globalization and market of labor has been studied. The employment with respect to the gross domestic product, the degree of economy openness and Islamic banking is positive but the employment with respect to the government size is negative. The foreign direct investment has had a slight positive effect on the employment growth. Baldwin, R. (1995). “The effect of trade and foreign direct investment on employment and relative wages”, NBER Working Paper, No. 5037 (Cambridge, MA: NBER). Castles, S. (nd) “Development, Social Transformation and Globalization,” CAPSTRANS. Currie, J., Harrison, A., (1997). Trade reform and labor market adjustment in Morocco. Journal of Labor Economics. Faini, R. and J. de Melo, (1996). “Trade Liberalization, Employment and Migration: Some Simulations for Morocco,” in OECD. Ghose, A. K. (2000) ‘Trade liberalisation and manufacturing employment’, ILO, Employment paper 2000/3. Gregorio, R. (1979) “An Economic Analysis of the Effect of Fiscal Incentives for Industrial Promotion,” in Bautista, Power and Associates. Industrial Promotion Policies in the Philippines. PIDS. Hamermesh, D. (1993). Labor Demand, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hamilton, Gary, Robert Feenstra, and Misha Petrovic. (2004). “Demand Responsiveness and the Emergence of Capitalism in East Asia: A Reassessment of the ‘Asian Miracle’.” Paper submitted to the Globalization, Employment, and Economic Development Workshop, Sloan Workshop Series in Industry Studies. Rockport, Massachusetts, June 14-16. Harrison, A. and G. Hanson (1999). " Who gains from trade reform? Some remaining puzzles," Journal of Development Economics, Vol 59: 125-154. ILO (1996) "The Impact of Globalization on the World of Work" ILO/JIL Network of National Institutes for Labor Studies in Asia and the Pacific, ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok,Thailand. Kletzer, Lori G.. (2001). Job Loss from Imports: Measuring the Costs. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics. Krueger, A.O., (1983). Trade and Employment in Development Countries. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Lanzona, L. (ed.) (2001). The Filipino Worker in A Global Economy. Philippine APEC Study Center Network and Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Levinsohn, J. (1999) "Employment responses to international liberalization in Chile," J.of International Economics, 47:321-344. Medalla, E., G. Tecson, R. Bautista, J. Power (1995). Catching up with Asia’s Tigers. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. OECD (1996). Development Strategy, Employment and Migration. O’Rourke, K. and J. G. Williamson (2000). When Did Globalization Begin? NBER Working Paper 7632 Rama, M., (1994). The labor market and trade reform in manufacturing. In: Connolly, M., de Melo, J. (Eds.), The Effects of Protectionism on a Small Country. World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies, Washington, DC. Rama, M. (2001). “Globalization and Workers in Developing Countries,” Background paper for World Bank (2002) Globalization, Growth and Poverty. Oxford. Revenga, A., (1994). Employment and Wage Effects of Trade Liberalization: the Case of Mexican Manufacturing. Paper Prepared for World Bank Labor Markets Workshop. Tajgardoon, Gholamreza,. Behname, Mehdi., Noormohamadi, Khosro., (2011), Islamic Banking and Economic Growth: An evidence from Asia, World Congress on Islamic Systems 2011 (World-ISLAM2011), 28th – 29th November 2011, Holiday Villa Hotel & Suites, Subang, Malaysia Williamson, Oliver. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies. New York: The Free Press. Williamson, Oliver. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. London: Macmillan. Wood, A. (1996). “Trade and Employment Creation: Possibilities and Limitations,” in OECD. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-141.pdf Gholamreza Tajgardoon Mehdi Behname Khosro Noormohamadi Globalization Employment Islamic Countries Panel 648458 73 0

142 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=142 2013-07-18 Microfinance has proved to be one of the effective tools for poverty reduction in developing countries. Following the success stories of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, the microfinance revolution has stormed the developing countries today. This paper looked at whether or not microfinance is an effective strategy for poverty reduction in developing countries. It was found out from the related literature that microfinance has a positive impact on poverty reduction and so, it is an effective tool for poverty reduction in many countries including Bangladesh, Bolivia etc. However there are doubts about its large scale impact. It also became clear from the literature that the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation is a keenly debated issue and it is generally accepted that it is not a silver bullet, it has not lived up in general to its expectation. However, when implemented and managed carefully, and when services are designed to meet the needs of clients, microfinance has had positive impacts, not just on clients, but on their families and on the wider community. It was recommended among others that more efforts needs to be geared towards institution building including the strengthening of groups especially Self Help Groups(SHGs). There is also the need for the development of more effective management information system to promote the consolidation of sustainable financial service delivery through well performing Self Help Groups (SHGs). Adams, Dale W, and Pischke J.D.(1992).  Micro-enterprise credit programs. Déjà vu, World Development 20, 1463- 1470 Bakhtiari (2006). Microfinance and poverty Reduction. Some International Evidence. International Business and Economics Research Journal Dec 2006,  Vol 5, Number 12. Bhatta, Gambhir (2001). “Small is indeed beautiful but----“. The context of microcredit strategies in Nepal, policy studies Journal 29, 283-295. Bhatta, Nitin (1999). Can Microcredit work in the United States? Harvard Business Review 77, 26-27 Brenbach, S. and Guzman, D.(1994).  The Solidarity Group Experience Worldwide in Otero, M. and Rhyne , E(Eds).  The New World of Microenterprise Finance.  Building Healthy Instittutions for the poor. West Hartford, C.T., Kumarian Press. 119-139. Buckley, Grame(1997). Microfinance in Africa. Is it either the problem or the solution? World Development, 25, 1081-1093. Chirwa Ephraim W. (2002).  Microfinance and poverty reduction in Malawi. What has happened to the microfinance revolution? University of Malawi. Wadanda Consult Working paper WC/01/02. Chowdhury et al (2005).  The impact of microcredit on poverty.  Evidence from Bangladesh. Progress in Development studies 5 (4), 298-309. CIDA (2001). Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction, Canadian International Development Agency, Canada. CPRC (2009). The Chronic Poverty Report 2008-2009, Escaping Poverty Traps, Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Northampton. Harper, M. (NABARD, SDC, GTZ, IFAD) 2002. Promotion of Self-help Groups under the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme in India. New Delhi, India: November. Hulme, D. and Mosley, P.(1996). Finance Against Poverty. Vol.1 and 2, Routledge: London. 1996. Hussein Mahila and Hussain Shazreh (2003).  The impact of Microfinance on Poverty and Gender Equity. Approaches and Evidence from Pakistan. Khandker, S. R. (1998). Fighting Poverty with Microcredit, Experience in Bangladesh, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kimenyi, M. S. (2007). “Ten Commandments of Pro-Poor Growth‟, in Poverty in Focus, Analysing and Achieving Pro-Poor Growth, International Poverty Centre (ed), UNDP, Brazil, pp.26-27. Ledgerwood, Joanna (1999); Microfinance Handbook; Sustainable Banking with the poor: An institutional and financial Perspective; World Bank, Washington D.C. Otero, M.(1999 p.8); Cited in Wrenn Eoin, (2005).  Micro-Finance. Otero, Maria(1989).  A handful of rice. Savings Mobilization by Microenterprise Programmes and Perspectives for the Future. Accion Internationale. Otero, M. and Rhyne, E. (1994). The New World of Microenterprise Finance, London: IT Publications. Sanders, Cynthia K.(2002). The impact of Microenterprise assistance programs. A comparative study of program participants, non-participants, and other low-wage workers, the social service review 76, 321-340. Santen R.M.V (2010). Microfinance as a Poverty Reduction Policy. Schreiner, Mark and Woller Gary(2003).  Microenterprise development programs in the United States and in the developing world, world development 31, 1567-1580. Schreiner, Mark(1999). Self employment, microenterprise, and the poorest Americans. The social service review 73, 496-523. Snow, Douglas R, and Buss Terry F (2001).  Development and the role of microcredit. Policy Studies Journal 29, 296-307 UNDP, Citicorp Foundation, Microstart Guide 1997, A guide for planning, starting and managing a microfinance programme; Private Sector Development Programme, New York, USA. Woller,  Gary, Dunford Christopher, and Woodworth Warner(1999a). Where to Microfinance.  International Journal of Economic Development 1, 29-64. Wooler, Gay, and Woodworth Warner(2001). Microcredit as a grassroot’s policy for international development. Policy studies Journal 29, 267-282. World Bank(2001).  World Development Report 2000/2001. Attacking poverty. New York; Oxford University Press. Wrenn E.(2005). Microfinance; Literature review. Yunus, M. (1999). Banker to the Poor, Micro-Lending and the Battle against World Poverty, PublicAffairs, New York. (http://www.grameen-info.org/mcredit/cmodel.html) http://www.ceylincogrameen.lk/micro.htm). www.cgap.org,). https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-16_c-142.pdf Alex Addae-Korankye Microfinance Microcredit Poverty reduction Poverty Economic hardship Developing countries. 579795 71 0