JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 23 Volume 10 Issue 2 2016-04-01 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/issue_file/Vol-10_Issue-2_full.pdf https://jbrmr.com/cdn/issue_file/Vol-10_Issue-2.pdf

211 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=211 2016-04-25 This research attempts to understand the leadership styles of store managers in a discount retail chain and how leadership style impacts store performance. Store managers of a Fortune 1000 retailer based in the Midwest of the United States of America took part in the study. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was sent to a sample of 135 store managers, and 103 of them completed the survey. Retail store performance is measured on four indicators namely, employee turnover, customer service scores, inventory shrinkage percentage and net profit margin. The retailer provided data related to the store performance indicators of the stores. Analysis of the survey data with performance data showed a moderate negative correlation between transformational leadership style and employee turnover rate, but a weak negative correlation between transactional leadership and employee turnover rate. Bass, B. M. 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212 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=212 2016-04-25 Innovation capability has been recognized as one of the key capabilities which influence organizational success and survival. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship among strategic innovation capability’s dimensions, its antecedents and consequences. The results were derived from a survey of 126 auto parts businesses in Thailand. The regression analyses suggested that strategic innovation capability dimensions consist of new idea enhancement, proactive activity support, market-driving encouragement, risk-taking circumstance acceptance, and dynamic adaptation commitment which have an important positive effect on firm sustainability. Likewise, the finding has shed light on the mediating role of stakeholder involvement exaltation. Moreover, the antecedents show positive influences on the strategic innovation capability dimension. 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213 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=213 2016-04-25 Impulsive buying is a much talked and researched subject particularly in view of the immense business that it generates all over the world. The point of purchase factors in brick and mortar stores play a crucial role in determining the buying behavior. Impulsive buying behavior, on one hand is difficult to predict or estimate, on the other hand much talked and extremely crucial area in consumer behavior. Women associate themselves very innately with skin care products for many different aspects like looks, aging, sun protection, moisturizing. As a matter of fact the skincare products become an extension of their very own personalities. In the present research paper an attempt is made to understand the importance of various factors present at the point of purchase and the degree to which they act as positive rein forcers in impulsive buying of skin care items. 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Journal of economic psychology,19, 295-320. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-213.pdf Ambica Prakash Ajay Sharma Impulsive buying behavior point of purchase factors brick and mortar stores skin care products positive reinforcers 594745 84 0

214 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=214 2016-04-25 In the banking sector worldwide more and more financial institutions show interest in credit servicing of ecological investment. That is why banks, step by step, enlarge their loan offer, raise its attractiveness according to conditions, availability and rate of interest, as well as the amount of a granted loan and the length of its repayment period. The document which initiated the beginning and development of ecological banking is the UNO declaration ‘Banking and Environment’, in which signatory banks declared an obligation to take ecological risk into consideration while granting loans, promoting new services and banking products of ecological nature and combining their statutory activity with environmental protection. By accepting this declaration, banks commit themselves, among others, to: • analyze loan applications paying attention to whether they fulfill formal and legal requirements of environmental protection, • apply loan preferences and facilitation for investments and investors who accomplish environmental protection rules, • apply ecological criteria while analyzing and assessing technical and economic assumptions of investment projects within applicable procedures of granting loans, • identify and define risk extent of environmental protection in decisions concerning loans, • offer products and services which finance economic pro-ecological undertakings • refuse loans with bad ecological reputation or investments to units which do not f Bank Pekao S.A.  Annual report p.p.106-107, 2014,  Baron D., Business and Its Environment, Pearson Education International, New Jersey p.338, 2013,  Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems, Bank for International Settlements, Basel 2010 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards. A Revised Framework, Bank for International Settlements. Basel 2004 Borys G. Ecological risk in the bank operations, Biblioteka Managera i Bankowca, Warszawa p.19, 2000, [In Polish] Central Statistical Office, Environmental 2014, GUS, p.474, 2014  Dziawgo L., Financial Green market Ecological evolution of financial market Filipiak B., Dylewski M Risk In finance and banking (edited by), Difin, Warszawa p.332, 2010, [In Polish] Górka K., Poskrobko B., Radecki W., Environmental protection: social, economic and legal problems, PWE, Warszawa p.180, 2001, [In Polish] Kulpa W. ,Management of Operational Risk in a Bank, RS DRUK, Rzeszów p.30, 2014, [In Polish] Kulpa W. Operational Risk Management in a Bank, Publishing Office University of Rzeszów, p.p.17-30, 2015, Kulpa W., Magdoń A., Operational – Risk management in a Bank, Internal Auditing & Risk Management, Universitatea “Athenaeum”, Anul VII, Nr.4(28), Bukuresti 2012 Kulpa W., Zaręba L., Seleceted methods of applying mathematics In banking and finance.  Interest rate, Portfolio, Risk, Options, RS DRUK, Rzeszów p.163, 2013, [In Polish] Perman R., Ma Y., McGilvray J., Common M., Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow p.p.444-466, 2003,  Poskrobko B. Environment management (edited by) B. PWE, Warszawa p.248, 2007, [In Polish] Poskrobko B., Poskrobko T, Environment management In Poland”, PWE, Warszawa, p.15, 2012, [In Polish] PWE, Warszawa p.29,  2010,  [In Polish] Toruński J., Wyrębek H., Meaning of the bank sector in financing the environmental protection in Poland on the example of BOŚ in years 2000–2007. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing nr 4(53): p.22, 2010, [In Polish]  Zabawa J.: Ecologization of contemporary loan institutions, in: Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, nr 173/1, p.155, 2013, [In Polish] https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-214.pdf Wincenty Kulpa Environmental risk management ecology value at risk bank 556796 67 0

215 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=215 2016-04-25 This study investigates effect of transformational leadership on strategic human resource management and firm success of Toyota’s dealer in Thailand. Following to the existing literature, transformational leadership is an origin of strategic human resource management that leads to firm success. Therefore, transformational leadership in the dimension of intellectual stimulation is important to create strategic human resource management for the success of firms. The sample of 400 Toyota’s dealer businesses in Thailand and statistics used are tested by ordinary least squared regression. Furthermore, response bias, validity and reliability were examined by researcher. These results reveal that intellectual stimulation has significant positive effect on strategic human resource management. Furthermore, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation still have has significant relate to firm success by themselves also. Then, strategic human resource management has significant positive effect on firm success respectively. Subsequently, managerial and theoretical contributions, and suggestions for further research are presented. Armstrong, J. S. and T. S. Overton, 1977.Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal      of marketing research,pp.396-402. Bacha, E., 2010. The relationships among organizational performance, environmental uncertainty, and employees' perceptions of CEO charisma. Journal of Management  Development, 29(1), pp. 28-37.Baden-Fuller, C. and H. W. Volberda, 1997. Strategic renewal: How large complex  Organizations prepare for the future. International Studies of Management and Organization, pp. 95-120. Bass, B. M., 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations, Free Press; Collier Macmillan. Bass, B. M., 1997. Concept of Leadership. In: Vecchio, R. P. (Ed) Leadership: Understanding the Dynamics of Power and Influence in Organisations. Notre Dame, University Of Notre      Dame Press. Baum, J. R., et al., 1998. A longitudinal study of the relation of vision and vision communication to venture growth in entrepreneurial Firms. Journal of applied psychology, 83(1), pp. 43. Bennett, N., et al., 1998.An Examination of Factors Associated with the Integration of Human Resource Management and Strategic Decision Making. Human Resource Management,     37(1), pp. 3-16.     Burns, J. M., 1978. Leadership. New York, Harper and Row Publishers. Collins, C. J. and K. D. Clark, 2003.Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating      Organizational competitive advantage. Academy of management journal, 46(6), pp. 740-751. Conner, J. and D. Ulrich, 1996.Human resource roles: Creating value, not rhetoric. People and Strategy, 19(3), pp. 38. Dubinsky, A. J., et al., 1995. Transformational leadership: An initial investigation in sales management. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 15(2), pp. 17-31. Ejere, E. I. and U. D. Abasilim, Impact of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on Organisational Performance: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. Hair, J. F., 2010.  Multivariate data analysis. Hamid, J., 2013. Strategic Human Resource Management and Performance: The Universalistic Approach--Case of Tunisia. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(2), pp. 184. Hendry, C. and A. Pettigrew, 1986.The Practice of Strategic Human Resource Management. Personnel Review, 15, pp. 2-8. Jansen, J. J., et al., 2005. Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: how do      Organizational antecedents matter? Academy of management journal, 48(6), pp. 999-     1015. Jung, D. I., et al., 2003.  The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. 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Strategic Human Resource Management and Firm Performance: Mediating Role of Transformational Leadership. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 2(1), pp. 9-19. Lowe, K. B., et al., 1996. Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3): pp. 385-425. McShane, S. L. and M. A. Y. Von Glinow,  2009. Organizational behavior: essentials. Irwin, McGraw-Hill. Nandal, V. and V. R. Krishnan, 2000. Charismatic leadership and self-efficacy: Importance of role clarity. Management and LabourStudies, 25(4), pp. 231-243. Neter, J., et al., 1985. Applied linear statistical models: Regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.  Inc.[701]. Nunnally, J. C. and I. Bernstein, 1994.  The assessment of reliability. Psychometric theory.3, pp. 248-292. Patel, P. C., et al., 2012. Enhancing effects of manufacturing flexibility through operational absorptive capacity and operational ambidexterity. Journal of Operations Management, 30(3), pp. 201-220. Pongpearchan, P. and A. Mumi, 2012.Entrepreneur Leadership Competency and Firm Success of Spa Businesses in Thailand. Journal of International Business and Economics, 12(5),      pp. 72-83. Pongpearchan, P. and P. Ussahawanitchakit, 2011. Strategic entrepreneurship management competency and firm success: A comparative study of SMEs in auto and electronic parts in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy, 11(2), pp. 1-31. Purcell, J., 1993. The challenge of Human Resource Management for Industrial Relations Research and Practice. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(3), pp. 511-528. Ramlall, S., 2003.Organizational Application Managing Employee Retention as a Strategy for Increasing Organizational Competitiveness. Applied HRM Research, 8(2), pp. 63-72. Ruomsuwan, A., 2014. Toyota revised auto market in first half of 2014.  Retrieved March 2015, 2015, from http://www.thairath.co.th/content/439762. Sarros, J. C., et al., 2008 .Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(2), pp. 145-158. Schutjens, V. A. and E. Wever, 2000.  Determinants of new firm success. Papers in Regional Science, 79(2), pp. 135-159. Singh, K., 2003.  Strategic HR orientation and firm performance in India. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(4), pp. 530-543. Steven, P. K., et al., 1999.  Strategic Human Resource Management at Sears. Human Resource Management, 38(4), pp. 329-338. Truss, C. and L. Gratton, 1994.Strategic human resource management: A conceptual approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(3), pp. 663-686. Waldman, D. A., et al., 2001.Does leadership matter? CEO leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty. Academy of management journal, 44(1), pp. 134-143. Woods, L. I., 2014. Strategic Human Resources And Leadership Style Characteristics. School of Business, Capella University. Yukl, G., 2010. Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall. Zhu, W., et al., 2005. CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of human–capital-enhancing human resource management. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), pp. 39-52. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-215.pdf Purit Pongpearchan Transformational Leadership Strategic Human Resource Management Firm Success 584489 98 0

216 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=216 2016-04-25 When a nation that links itself to the global market, this means that the nation would embark itself in the path towards globalization. Global markets offer greater opportunity for domestic firms to tap into larger markets around the world. This translates the possibility of having more access to more capital flow, technology, cheaper imports, and larger exports. One of the ways a domestic firm gets foreign capital, would be through Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). This study aims to look at Malaysia’s inward and outward FDI and determine their relationship with economic growth. Annual data covers over the period of 1984 to 2013 and tested based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that there is a positive long-run relationship between inward FDI with economic growth. It was noted that outward FDI have an indirect relationship with economic growth. There is unidirectional granger causality between them as well as between inward and outward FDI. Acaravci, A. and Ozturk, I., 2012. Foreign direct investment, export and economic growth: empirical evidence from new EU countries. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 15(2), pp.52-67. Adams, S., 2008. Globalization and income inequality: Implications for intellectual property rights. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(5), pp.725-735. Aizenman, J. and Noy, I., 2006. FDI and trade—Two-way linkages?.The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(3), pp.317-337. Almfraji, M.A., Almsafir, M.K. and Yao, L., 2014. Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: The Case of Qatar. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, pp.1040-1045. Almsafir, M., 2002. The Economic Globalization, Hegemony of the North and Impacts on the South. Iraq: The House of Wisdom. Almsafir, M.K., Latif, N.A. and Bekhet, H.A., 2011. Analyzing the green field investment in Malaysia from 1970-2009: A bound testing approach. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(3), pp.561-570. Almsafir, M.K., Nor Shaari, M. and Al-Shibami Ahmed, H., 2011. Locational Related Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Yemen: Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm Perspective. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(8), pp.394-404. Ariff, M., 2004. The Drivers of Competitiveness in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER). Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J. and Lee, J.W., 1998. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?.Journal of international Economics, 45(1), pp.115-135. Busse, M. and Hefeker, C., 2007. Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment. European journal of political economy, 23(2), pp.397-415. Desai, M.A., Foley, C.F. and Hines Jr, J.R., 2005. Foreign Direct Investment and the Domestic Capital Stock. American Economic Review, 95(2), pp.33-38. Golob, A.B., Farrell, A. and Orchard, A.N., 2002. Distribution of estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 71, pp.27-31. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), pp.427-431. Enders, W., 2008. Applied econometric time series. John Wiley & Sons. Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W., 1987. Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, pp.251-276. Fadhil, M.A. and Almsafir, M.K., 2015. The Role of FDI Inflows in Economic Growth in Malaysia (Time Series: 1975-2010). Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, pp.1558-1566. Farshid, P., Ali, S. and Gholamhosein, S., 2009. The impact of foreign direct investment and trade on economic growth-Taking China, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines & Thailand for example. China-USA Business Review, 8(12), pp.37-43. Goh, S.K. and Wong, K.N., 2011. Malaysia's outward FDI: The effects of market size and government policy. Journal of Policy Modeling, 33(3), pp.497-510. Gordon, P.H. and Center, M., 2004. Europe’s Cautious Globalization. European Responses to Globalization: Resistance, Adaptation and Alternatives, pp.1-18. Hailu, Z.A., 2010. Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Trade of African Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), p.p122-133. Hanson, G.H., Mataloni, R.J. and Slaughter, M.J., 2001),“Expansion strategies of US multinational firms. In in D. Rodrik and S. Collins (eds.), Brookings Trade Forum 2001. Herzer, D., 2010. Outward FDI and economic growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(5), pp.476-494. Herzer, D., 2011. The long-run relationship between outward foreign direct investment and total factor productivity: Evidence for developing countries. The Journal of Development Studies, 47(5), pp.767-785. Holtbrügge, D. and Kreppel, H., 2012. Determinants of outward foreign direct investment from BRIC countries: an explorative study. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(1), pp.4-30. IMF/OECD, 2008. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment.4th Ed: OECD Publishing. Jallab, M.S., Gbakou, M.B.P. and Sandretto, R., 2008. Foreign Direct Investment. Macroeconomic Instability and Economic Growth in MENA Countries. Johansen, S. and Juselius, K., 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), pp.169-210. Karimi, M.S. and Yusop, Z., 2009. FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Lee, C.G., 2010. The Nexus of Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Income: Evidence from Singapore. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 10(1), pp.187-194. Méon, P.G. and Sekkat, K., 2007. Revisiting the relationship between governance and foreign direct investment. Brussels economic review, 50(1), pp.41-61. Milanovic, B., 2002. Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys. Evidence from Household Budget Surveys (August 2002). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (2876). Moghaddam, A.A. and Redzuan, M.R., 2012. Globalization and Economic Growth: A Case Study in A Few Developing Countries (1980-2010). Research in World Economy, 3(1), p.p54-62. Navaretti, G.B., Venables, A. and Barry, F., 2004. Multinational firms in the world economy. Princeton University Press. Oguchi, N., Amdzah, N.A.M., Bakar, Z., Abidin, R.Z. and Shafii, M., 2002. Productivity of Foreign and Domestic Firms in the Malaysian Manufacturing Industry*. Asian Economic Journal, 16(3), pp.215-228. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J., 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), pp.289-326. Phillips, P.C. and Perron, P., 1988. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), pp.335-346. Pradhan, R.P., 2010. Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in India: The Globalization Experience. IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 16(3), p.26-43. Rugman, A.M., 2010. Globalization, regional multinationals and Asian economic development. Asian Business & Management, 9(3), pp.299-317. Saad, R.M., Noor, A.H.M. and Nor, A.H.S.M., 2014. Developing Countries’ Outward Investment: Push Factors for Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, pp.237-246. Stal, E. and Cuervo-Cazurra, A., 2011. The investment development path and FDI from developing countries: the role of pro-market reforms and institutional voids. Latin American Business Review, 12(3), pp.209-231. Daly, K. and Zhang, X., 2010. The determinants of foreign direct investment in China. Journal of International Finance & Economics, 10(3) pp 123-129. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-216.pdf Ali Mohammed Khalel Al-Shawaf Mahmoud Khalid Almsafir Outward FDI inward FDI economic growth globalization ARDL Malaysia 575088 62 0

217 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=217 2016-04-25 To understand the generation of WOM motivation, this research studies the relationship between three innate psychological needs (e.g. autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and word-of-mouth motivation based on Self-Determination Theory. How the expertise of the sender, the relationship strength between the sender and the receiver affect the motivation of word-of-mouth through these three psychological needs is also studied. A questionnaire based survey was employed to collect data. The results indicate that three psychological needs affect the motivation of word-of-mouth. Moreover, the expertise of the sender affects the motivation of word-of-mouth through competence need, and the relationship strength between the sender and the receiver affects word-of-mouth motivation through relatedness need. This study will help companies to get deeper understanding of WOM motivation, and suggestions is given to improve satisfaction of consumer basic psychological needs in marketing activities. Anderson, E. W. 1998. Customer Satisfaction and Word of Mouth. Journal of service. 1:5-17 Bansal, H.S. & P.A. Voyer. 2000. Word-of-Mouth Processes within a Services Purchase Decision Context. Journal of Service Research. 3(2): 166-177 Bristor, J.M. 1990. Enhanced Explanations of Word-of-mouth Communications: The power of Relationships [J]. Research in Consumer Behavior. 4: 51-83 Brown, T.J. 2005. Spreading the Word: Investigating Antecedents of Consumers' Positive Word-of-Mouth Intentions and Behaviors in a Retailing Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 33(2): 123-138 Childers, T. L., C. L. Carr, P. Joann, & C. Stephen. 2001. Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations for online Retail Shopping Behavior. Journal of Retailing. 77: 511-535 Deci, E.L. & R.M. Ryan, 2001. The 'What' and 'Why' of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry. 11(4): 227-242 Dichter, E. 1996. How Word-of-Mouth Advertising Works. Harvard Business Review. 44(6): 147-161 Engel, J. F., R. J. Kegerreis & R.D. Blackwell. 1969. Word-of-Mouth Communication by the Innovator. The Journal of Marketing. 33(3): 15-19 Fieck, L.F.，& L. L. Price. 1987. The Market Maven: A Diffuser of Marketplace Information. Journal of Marketing. 51(1): 87-97 Frenzen, J. K. & K. Nakamoto. 1993. Structure, Cooperation, and the Flow of Market Information, Journal of Consumer Research. 20: 360-375 Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten, Kevin P. Gwinner, Gianfranco Walsh & Dwayne D. Gremler. 2004. Electronic Word of Mouth via Consumer-opinion Platforms——What Motivates Consumers to Articulate Themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing. 18(1): 38-52 Lihong Liu & Jijia Zhang. 2010. The Theory and application of Self-determination on Motivation, Academic Journal of Huanan Normal University (Social Science). 4: 53-59 Mee-Shew, C., M.M. Anitsal & I. Anitsal. 2007. Revisiting Word-of-mouth Communications; A Cross-National Exploration. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice. 15(3): 235-249 Mitchell, A.A. & P.A. Dacin. 1996. The Assessment of Alternative Measures of Consumer Expertise. Journal of Consumer Research. 23(3): 219-239 Netemeyer, R.G., W.O. Bearden & J.E. Teel. 1992. Consumer Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influence and Attributional Sensitivity. Psychology & Marketing. 9(5): 379-394 Price, L.L., L.F. Feick & A. Guskey. 1995. Everyday Market Helping Behavior. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 14(2): 255-266 Smith, D. N. 2002. Trust Me, Would I Steer You Wrong? The Influence of Peer Recommendations within Virtual Communities. Doctoral. Thesis, University of Illinois, Chicago Sundaram, D.S., K. Mitra & C. Webster. 1998. Word-of-Mouth Communications: A Motivational Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research. 25(1): 527-531 Vallerand, R.J. 1997. Toward a Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 27: 271-360 Wirtz, J. & P. Chew. 2002. The Effects of Incentives, Deal Proneness, Satisfaction and Tie Strength on Word-of-mouth Behaviour. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 13(2): 141-162 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-217.pdf Wenguo Shen Jingmian Huang Dan Li Word-of-Mouth Relationship Strength Self-Determination Theory Motivation 611401 114 0

218 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=218 2016-04-25 This paper analyzes the export destinations of Malaysia and top six trading partners (an average from 1995 (2012) using gravity model and pooled ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. As suggested by the pioneer of gravity model (Tinbergen, 1962), the vibrancy of trading activities depend on the resemblance of exporting and importing countries which in parallel with Staffan Linder theory of trade(1961). These include similarities such as GDP per capita, international language, and border sharing and taste in product consumed (Morales, Sheu and Zahler, 2014).The theory also highlights that the distance between the two trading countries have significant effect on trading activities. However, the empirical study in the case of Malaysia proven opposite effect thus allowing Heckscher-Ohlin theory to be highlighted in contrast to Linder theory as H-O theory suggests that a particular country will trade with another country with dissimilar economic performance level. The general finding of this study suggest that Malaysia is more towards Linder theory based on the coefficient sign of GDP per capita differential. Abidin, I. S. Z., Jantan, M. D., Satar, N. M., &Haseeb, M. (2014). Trade Linkages between Malaysia and the OIC Member Countries: Empirical Evidence Based on Gravity Model. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(11), 1938. Agosin, M. R., Alvarez, R., & Bravo‐Ortega, C. (2012). Determinants of export diversification around the world: 1962–2000. The World Economy, 35(3), 295-315. Batra, A. (2006). India's global trade potential: The gravity model approach.Global Economic Review, 35(3), 327-361. Bergstrand, J.H. (1985). The gravity equation in international trade: some microeconomic foundations and empirical evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67: 474-81. Harvard University Press. Bergstrand J.H. (1989). The generalised gravity equation, monopolistic competition, and the factor proportion theory in international trade. Review of Economics and Statistics: 143-53. Bidlingmaier, T. (2007, June).International trade and economic growth in developing countries.In presentation at the DEGIT XII conference in Melbourne in June. Breusch T, Pagan A. The LM test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Econometric Studies 1980; 47: 239-254 Carneiro, J., Rocha, A. D., & Silva, J. F. D. (2011). Determinants of export performance: a study of large Brazilian manufacturing firms. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 8(2), 107-132. Carrère, C., Grujovic, A., & Robert-Nicoud, F. (2015). Trade and frictional unemployment in the global economy (No. 10692).CEPR Discussion Papers. Cook, R. D., & Weisberg, S. (1983). Diagnostics for heteroscedasticity in regression. Biometrika, 70(1), 1-10. Frankel, J. A., Stein, E., & Wei, S. J. (1997). Regional trading blocs in the world economic system. Peterson Institute. Jarreau, J., &Poncet, S. (2012). Export sophistication and economic growth: Evidence from China. Journal of development Economics, 97(2), 281-292. Jongwanich, J. (2010). Determinants of export performance in East and Southeast Asia. The World Economy, 33(1), 20-41. Linnemann, H. (1966). An econometric study of international trade flows (Vol. 234). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., Vining, G. G. (2001). Introduction to linear regression analysis, 3rd edition, Wiley, New York. Morales, E., Sheu, G., & Zahler, A. (2014). Gravity and extended gravity: Using moment inequalities to estimate a model of export entry (No. w19916). 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(2011).Effects of Population Growth on Economic Growth in Asian Developing Countries. Bachelor Project in Economics, Malardalen University. Wang, C., Wei, Y., & Liu, X. (2010). Determinants of bilateral trade flows in OECD countries: evidence from gravity panel data models. The World Economy, 33(7), 894-915. Wooldridge, J. M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 72, pp. 57- 89. Yusoff, M. (2005).Malaysian bilateral trade relations and economic growth. International Journal of Business and Society, 6(2), 55-68. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-218.pdf Abdul Aziz Lai Mohd Fikri Lai Imbarine Bujang International Trade Exports Gravity Model H-O Theory Linder’s Theory Pooled OLS 627665 84 0

219 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=219 2016-04-25 Purpose -This study explores various internal motivating factors of impulse buying phenomenon in Indian context. This study is aimed at obtaining consumer insights, so as to provide an inclusive conceptualization of this marketing phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach -Data for this research was obtained through in-depth interviews. Since, the purpose of these interviews was exploration, the researcher collected data till it reached saturation (point beyond which further research was not adding any new insights) and so there was no fixed sample size. Sampling technique used in this case is purposive sampling. A total of 56 in-depth interviews were conducted with men and women (age group 25-40 & residing or working close to malls and markets in the region). The analysis of these interviews was done using Open analysis . These interviews were able to provide fresh, non-obvious ways of understanding the internal motivations of an impulse buyer. Research implications -This study extends the existing knowledge base by establishing the significance of internal motivating factors of ‘impulse buying’ – happiness, narcissism, freedom and novelty. Earlier studies on ‘impulse buying’ have focused on external motivating factors and internal motivating factors have largely remained unresolved. Practical implications -This paper provides interesting insights for retail marketers to further enhance the possibilities of impulse buying. Originality/Value – Notwithstand Aruna, S. & Santhi, P. (2015). Impulse purchase behaviour among Gen Y. IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 14 (1). Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: A behavioural theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin 82. Babin, B.J. and Attaway, J.S. (2000). 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220 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=220 2016-04-25 In the post-war period, the standard of living in the US has increased significantly, and more than two-thirds of families have achieved the American Dream of homeownership. The recent sub-prime mortgage and financial crisis resulted from a perfect storm of bad housing policy, real estate speculation, and necessary monetary policy. A healthy future for the financial markets depends on effective reforms and institutions to regulate financial instruments with limited government manipulation Acharya, Viral V. et al, (2011). Guaranteed to Fail – Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Debacle of Mortgage Finance, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Beckworth, David, editor (2012). Boom and Bust Banking – The Causes and Cures of the Great Recession, Independent Institute, Oakland, California. Calabria, Mark A. (2014).  “Mortgage Reform Under the Dodd-Frank Act”, Working Paper, CATO Institute, Washington, DC.  Department of the Treasury and Department of Housing and Urban Development, (2011) “Reforming America’s Housing Finance Market – A Report to Congress”, Washington, DC, February 2011. Kindleberger, Charles P. and Aliber, Robert Z., (2011).  Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, 6th edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Morgenson, Gretchen and Joshua Rosner (2011), Reckless Endangerment: How Outsized Ambition, Greed and Corruption Led to Economic Armageddon, Times Books, New York. O’Toole, Randal (2012).  American Nightmare: How Government Undermines the Dream of Homeownership, CATO Institute, Washington, D. C. Thallam, Satya, editor (2012). House of Cards – Reforming America’s Housing Finance System, Mercatus Center of George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia. Wachter, Susan M. and Marvin M. Smith, editors (2011).  The American Mortgage System – Crisis and Reform, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania. Wallison, Peter J., (2011). Dissenting Statement to the Report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, (http://fcic.law.stanford.edu/report), Washington, DC, January 2011. Wallison, Peter J. (2012).  “A New Housing System for the United States”, in House of Cards,  Satya Thallam, editor, Mercatus Center of George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia.  Wallison, Peter J. (2013). Bad History, Worse Policy, AEI Press, Washington, DC. Wallison, Peter J. and Phil Gramm (2014). “Worse than Fannie and Freddie”, Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2014. Wallison, Peter J. (2015). Hidden in Plain Sight, Encounter Books, New York, NY. Watt, Melvin L. (2014), Managing the Present: The 2014 Strategic Plan for the Conservatorships of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, speech delivered at the Brookings Institution, May 13, 2014. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-220.pdf Robert Driver Warren Matthews Financial crisis Mortgage Finance Mortgage-backed Securities Housing Policy 583954 56 0

221 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=221 2016-04-25 Mutual Funds as one of the investment options have not been very popular particularly in the Middle East counties in spite of huge investment potential. Investors in the region have long been skeptical of the safety and returns of the investment options as the awareness about investment has been low for most of the investors of the region. This study aims to analyze the performances of mutual funds in Oman on the basis of risk and return criteria using different tools such as Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen Alpha. The basic objective of the study is to provide to the investors a comparative study of the performances of the various mutual funds on offer in Oman and give an insight about the possible good choices to invest. The study concludes that mutual funds in Oman during the last five years have been performing consistently and earning good returns for its investors. Ang, J.S., Chen, C.R. and Lin, J.W., (1998), Mutual fund managers’ efforts and performance, The Journal of Investing, Winter, pp.68-75. Blake, C.R., Elton, E.J. and Gruber, M. J., (1993), The performance of bond mutual funds, Journal of Business, Vol.66, pp.371-403. Bogle, J.C., (1992) Selecting equity mutual funds, Journal of Portfolio Management,             Vol.18, pp.94-100 Brown, B.J. and Goetzman, W., (1995), Performance persistence, Journal of Finance, Vol.50, pp.679-698. Brown, S.J., Goetzman, W., Ibbotson, R.G. and Ross, S., (1992), Survivorship bias in performance studies, Review of Financial Studies, Vol.5, pp.553-580. Capon, N., Fitzsimons, G.J. and Weingarten, R., (1994), Affluent investors and mutual fund purchases, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol.12(3), pp.17-25. Carhart, M.M., (1997), On persistence in mutual fund performance, Journal of Finance, Vol.52, pp.57-82. Carlson, R. S., (1970), Aggregate Performance of Mutual Funds: 1948-1967, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 5, pp.1-30. Chen, C.R., Lee, C. F., Rahman, S. and Chan, A., (1992), A cross-sectional analysis of mutual funds’ market timing and security selection skill, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol.19, pp.659-675. Elton, E.J., Gruber, M.J. and Blake, C.R., (1996), The persistence of risk-adjusted mutual fund performance, Journal of Business, Vol.69, pp.133-157.  Goetzman, W.N., Ibbotson, R.G, (1994), Do winners repeat? Journal of Portfolio Management, Vol. 20, pp.9-18. Golec, J.H., (1996), The effects of mutual fund managers’ characteristics on their portfolio performance, risk, and fees, Financial Services Review, Vol.5, pp.133-147. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., (1992), The persistence of mutual fund performance, Journal of Finance, Vol.47 (5), pp.1977-1984. Gruber, M.J., (1996), Another puzzle: the growth in actively managed mutual funds, Journal of Finance, Vol.51, pp783-810. Indro, D.C., Jiang, C.X. and Hu, M.Y., (1998), Mutual fund performance: a question of style, Journal of Investing, Vol.7, pp.46-54. Ippolito, R.A., (1992), Consumer reaction to measures of poor quality: evidence from the mutual fund industry, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.35, pp.45-70. Jensen, M. C., (1968), 'The Performance of Mutual Funds in the period 1954-1964', Journal of Finance, Vol. 23, pp. 389-416. Kane, A. and Marks, G. (1988), Performance Evaluation of Market Times- Theory & Evidence, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 425-435. Liljeblom, E. and Loflund, A., (2000), Evaluating mutual funds on a small market: is benchmark selection crucial? Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol.16, pp.67-84. McClarnon, C.T., (2004), Mutual Fund Market Timing, Compensations and Benefits Review, Vol.36(5), pp.25-31.  Sharpe, W. F., (1966), Mutual Fund Performance', Journal of Business, Vol.39, pp.119-131 Shukla, R.K., Inwegen, G.B., (1995), Do locals perform better than foreigners?  An analysis of UK and US mutual fund managers, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 47, pp.241-254 Treynor, J. (1965), How to Rate Management of Investment Funds, Harvard Business Review, 43, pp.63-75. www.msm.gov.om https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-221.pdf Khaliquzzaman Khan Syed Ahsan Jamil Mohammad Ahmar Uddin Mutual Funds Fund Performance Sharpe ratio Treynor ratio Jenson Alpha Systematic Risks. 573602 81 0

222 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=222 2016-04-25 The company is the basic unit of wealth creation, employment and innovation. Encouraging its creation is to implement the conditions for its development and especially its sustainability. In Algeria, the liberalization of the economy and trade, the agreements with IMF, the free trade agreements, led to the proliferation of private companies and especially the microenterprises. These companies which are not integrated into an economic strategy and not enough prepared, are suffering from a lack of competitiveness. Our work demonstrates that there is no link between job creation and these enterprises, so we conclude that these public devices haven’t solved the unemployment problem. We have used for this demonstration the Moran test that shows us whether or not there is a tendency to clustering and then we locate significant clusters by Kulldorff Scanning Method. BARROW RJ.Et SALA-I-MARTIN X. "Economic growth", MIT Press, 1995 Barro R.J. "Economic Growth in a cross section of countries" quaterly journal of Economy 1991 BELKACEM KASMI Djamila, HERIZI Ratiba and MOUSSI Oumelkheir 2015 : “the detection of industrial clusters in Algeria”. Apr 2015, Vol. 9 Issue 2, p17-26. 10p.  Benhabib J. And M SpiegeL. "The role of human capital in economic development" evidence from aggregate cross country DATA, journal Economics of Money, 1994 Berthelemy J. And Varadoukis A "human capital and growth: the role of the trade regime", OECD Development Centre, No. 121, 1997 CNES 1996. Proceedings of the International Forum on Youth Employment, National Economic and Social Council, Algiers Englander S. And A. Gurney "Productivity in the OECD area: medium-term determinants", Economic Review of the OECD, No. 22, 1994 pp. 53-119 Elizondo R. L And Krugman (1992) 3: »Trade Policy and the third word Metropolis ", Working Paper No : 4238, December 1992.  Gaudart J Et Al., 2007 , "spatial clusters detection without predefined source point: use of five methods and Comparing Their results. In "Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health 55, p.297-306 Kalantsis Y. "deindustrialization and financial crisis in an emerging economy," Economic Review 3/2005 (vol56) Kulldorff M, 1997 "A spatial scan statistic." In Stat Theory Methods; 26 (6) Kulldorff M, N Nagarwalla, 1995 "Space disease clusters: detection and inference." In Stat Med; 14 Mankiw N. D. Romer And Weild N. "Contribution to the empirics of economic growth", quarterly journal of economics money 1994 Malbouci. L. ( 2004), "The Rise of Algerian SMEs by the resource theory" 7th International Francophone Congress in Entrepreneurship and SME -CIFEPME. Vol.1: 51-64 Maja Klun And Renata Slabe-Erker "opinions about corporate regulation and tax, environmental and employment institutions": the case of Slovenia, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 2009/3 Vol. 75, pp. 583-603. DOI: 10.3917 / risa .753.0583 Moussi O. et aL., 2012 , THYROID CANCER DETECTION CLUSTER, 46ièmes Day’s statistics, Toulouse. MUSETTE MS, MA And SLIRE HAMMOUDA N "Labour Market and Employment in Algeria: elements for a national employment policy.", ILO, Algiers 2003 ONS website of the National Office of Statistics, Algeria REPORT Mfis selected issues, in February 2012 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-23_c-222.pdf Belkacem Djamila Moussi Oumelkheir Entrepreneurship employment public device unemployment cluster 584726 49 0

223 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=223 2016-04-25 The traditional financial theory was purposely invented to analyze the investment performance with the belief that the rational act of an investor could lead to decision making. Most of the theories developed came up with an assumption that the market is perfectly efficient. However, the evolution of the theory led many researchers to find evidence that the decision making process in investment activities could be influenced by the irrational behavior and psychology of an investor. This is called as Behavioral Finance Theory. In this study, linear regression model was used to investigate the effect of sentiment index and the fundamental factors towards future stock returns. Then a Parametric Survival Model by using Log-logistic and Weibull Hazard Model was used to observe the existence and the size of rational bubbles in the market. A time series analysis was performed by using monthly data of NYSE and NASDAQ from five sectors during Global Financial Crisis period (2007-2009). It was found that only 27% out of 30 companies are significant. The sentiment index showed a weak negative relationship towards future stock return while the fundamental factors showed a strong negative relationship towards future stock returns and remained the major contributing factors. Lastly, small in size of rational bubbles were found during the Global Financial Crisis 2008. Antweiler, Werner, and Murray Z. Frank. (2004), ‘Is all that talk just noise? The information     content of Internet stock message boards’. Journal of Finance 59, 1259-1294. Bennett, Steve. (1983), ‘Log-Logistic Regression Models for Survival Data’. Journal of the     Royal Statistical Society, Series C 32 (2): 165–171, doi: 10.2307/2347295, JSTOR 2347295 Baker, Malcolm, and Jeremy Stein. (2004), ‘Market liquidity as a sentiment indicator’. Journal of Financial Markets 7, 271-299 Baker, Malcolm P., Jeffrey A. Wurgler, and Yu Yuan. ‘Forthcoming, Global, local, and contagious investor sentiment’. Journal of Financial Economics AFA, 2010, Atlanta Meetings Paper, Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1364911 Baker, Malcolm P., and Jeffrey A. Wurgler. (2006), ‘Investor sentiment and the cross-section of     stock returns’. Journal of Finance 61, 1645-1680 Banz, R. W. (1981), ‘The Relationship between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks’.     Journal of Financial Economics 9 (1): 3-18 Black, F. (1986), ‘Noise’. Journal of Finance, 41, pp. 529-543 Breusch T. S. (1978), ‘Testing for Autocorrelation in Dynamic Linear Models’. Australian Economic Papers, 17, 334-355 Brown, G. W., Cliff, M. T. (2004), ‘Investor sentiment and the near-term stock market’. Journal of Empirical Finance 11, 1-27. Chen, Hailiang, Prabuddha De, Yu J. Hu, and Byoung-Hyoun Hwang. 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