JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 25 Volume 11 Issue 1 2016-10-01 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/issue_file/Vol-11_Issue-1_full.pdf https://jbrmr.com/cdn/issue_file/Vol-11_Issue-1.pdf

238 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=238 2016-10-27 In this secondary research study the question was researched to establish how entrepreneurs’ measure success in South Africa. In South Africa entrepreneurs’ measure success by evaluating the profitability of the business; the reasons for starting such a business and effective managing of business information. Growing customer is indicated as the least important measuring criteria for the success of an entrepreneurial small business. This research concludes that South Africa has too few people with entrepreneurial small business managing qualities which hamper measuring of the success of an entrepreneurial small business. Most entrepreneurial small businesses measure their success only by profitability which is a short term outlook. May be that is why so many entrepreneurial small businesses are unsuccessful leading to a situation where the South African economy performs poorly because only a few people succeed as real entrepreneurs small business owners. Begley, T.M. & Boyd, D.P. 2012. “Psychological Characteristics Associated with Entrepreneurial Performance”,  in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley: M.A. Babson College. Carland, J.H., Hoy, F., Boulton, W.R. and Carland, J.A.C. 2014. “Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners, A Conceptualization”, Academy of Management review, 9, 2, p354-359.  Coffey, R.E. and Herrmann, J.F. 2006. “Is Formal Education Related to Success”, Journal of Small Business Management, 44, p1-5. Collin, O.F. and Moore, D.G. 2008. The Organisation Makers, A Behavioural Study of Independent Entrepreneurs, New York: Appleton Century-Crofts. Cunningham, J.B. 2011. “Defining Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management, 13, p159-179. Cunningham, J.B. and Lischeron, J. 2014. “Defining Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management, 29, p45-61. Deamer, I. & Earle, L. 2014. “Searching for Entrepreneurship”, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 36, 3, p99-103. Douglass, M.E., 2006. “Relating Education to Entrepreneurial Success”, Business Horizons, 19, p40-44. Enterprise, 2014.  http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/enterprise/ Gartner, W.B. 2008. “Who is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, p47-68. Goodman, J.P. 2014. ”What Makes an Entrepreneur”, Thompson Gale, 1994,16, p29-30. Hornaday, J.A. and About, J. 2011. “Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs”, Personal Psychology, 24, p141-153. Kuratko, D.F. & Hodgetts, R.M. (2011): Entrepreneurship, Texas: Dryden Press. Kroon, J., Moolman, P.L. 2010. Entrepreneurship. Pretoria: Kagiso Publishers. Kourilsky, M. 2008. “Predictors of Entrepreneurship in a Simulated Economy”, Journal of Creative Behaviour, 14, p45-49. Lachman, R. 2008. “Towards Measurement of Entrepreneurial Tendencies”, Management International Review, 20, 2, p108-116. Littunen, H. 2010. “Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the Entrepreneurial Personality”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6, 6, p295-306. Liles, P.R. 2014. New business venture and the entrepreneur, Illinois: Homewood. Mitton, D.G. (2009): “The Complete Entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship, theory and practice, 13, pg 9-19. Motsuenyane, 2009. http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/motsuenyane-commission-finds-african-national-congress-anc-guilty-abuse-its-camps McClelland, D.C. 2011. “Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs”, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Journal, 41, p 219-233. Ronstadt, R.C. 2014. Entrepreneurship, Dover: Lord Publishing. Timmons, J.A. 2009. New Venture Creation Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, 5th Edition, Malaysia: McGraw Hill. Sexton, D.L. and Bowman, N., 2015. “The Entrepreneur: A Capable Executive and More”, Journal of Business Venturing, 1, p129-140. Schumpter, J.A., 2013. The Fundamental Phenomenon of Economic Development, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, New York: Free Press. Thompson, J.L. 2009. The facets of the entrepreneur: identifying entrepreneur potential, London: Macmillan. Van Scheers, L. 2010. SME marketing skills challenges in South Africa.  African Journal of Business Management, 2011-07. Van Scheers, L. 2014. South African Entrepreneur.  African Journal of Business Management, 2011-07. Vesper, K.H. 2014. New Venture Strategies, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-238.pdf Louise van Scheers Entrepreneurs South Africa Entrepreneurs’ success Characteristics Measure success 570996 84 0

239 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=239 2016-10-27 This research focuses on how the factors influencing the characteristics and the words-of-mouth effect influences the consumer’s purchase decision. Especially, it was researched how the word-of-mouth influences the characteristics of social commerce and purchase decision. As a result, decision-making support system and social influence seemed to have variables and influences on word-of-mouth effect, and cost-reducing and impulse buying did not seem to have any variables or influences on the word-of-mouth effect. Also, the variables influencing the characteristic of social commerce and word-of-mouth effect seemed to influence the purchase decisions of the consumer. The variables influencing the word-of-mouth effect seemed to be influenced much greatly by the characteristics of the sender and the receiver rather than the characteristic of the message. This research has revealed that the word-of-mouth effect of social commerce influenced the purchase decisions of customers using social commerce. The significance of this research is in providing the basis for more efficient and effective marketing by social commerce corporations. Bayus, B., 1985. Word-of-mouth: the indirect effects of marketing efforts. Journal of Advertising Research. Cho, K., 2012. The Effects of Social Commerce Characteristics on Trust and Purchase Intention. Department of Business Administration, The Graduate School of Konkuk University. Cho, Y.J. and Yang, H.S., 2012. Transactions: The Effect of Characteristics in Fashion Social Commerce Sites and SNS subjective Norm on Consumer Attitudes towards Social Commerce and Purchase Intention of Fashion Products. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 36, No. 11. Han, S., Kim, Y., and Lee, B. 2011. TheEffectsofCharacteristicsofSocialCommerceonPurchaseIntention - FocusingontheModeratingEffectofSocialNetworkService, Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, Vol12, No 6. Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, KP., Walsh, G., and Gremler, D.D, 2004. Lectronic word of mouth via consumer opinion platforms: what motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet?. Journal of Interactive Marketing. Jun, S. and Park, H., 2003. A study on the difference of the oral effects of the type of negative word-of-mouth information. Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol 14, No 4. Na, Jong Yun, 2010. Using research on the use of online social networks, consumer applying the diffusion model. Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol 21, No 2. Park, Chul, 2006. Cross-cultural empirical study on the factors affecting the online word-of-mouth effect. Korean Management Review, Vol 35, No 6. Ryu, G.J., Na, Y., and Ryu, J.Y., 2013. The Effects of Characteristics of Social Commerce and Service Quality on Purchase Intention. Korea Association of Business Education, Vol. 28, No. 1. Seo, S. and Lee, J., 2011. The Influence of Trust and Satisfaction on Sociability and Personalization of Social Network. Korea Association of Business Education, Vol. 26, No. 3. Shin, D.H., 2012. Experience Measurement of Social Commerce Users," AEJMC(The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-239.pdf Ho-Jung Jung June-Suh Cho Social Commerce Word-of-mouth SNS Customer's Purchase Decisions 583094 86 0

240 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=240 2016-10-27 The purpose of paper is to examine the corporate governance attributes that will influence the capital structure of the Malaysian family-owned company. More specifically, this study divides into two objectives which are to examine the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure of the Malaysian family-owned company and to examine whether corporate governance has a significant impact on the capital structure of the Malaysian family-owned company. This study will establish whether capital structure is determined by the various corporate governance attributes, namely board of director size, board of director composition, board of director financial expertise, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) duality role, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) tenure. This paper employed the family-owned company listed in main market of Bursa Malaysia and yet, the selection of listed family-owned companies based on the prior literature. The sample of 195 companies has met the characteristic of family-owned companies and the study covers three years observations which are 2009, 2010, and 2011 collected from annual report as data for non financial attributes The general findings show that there is a significant negative relationship between board composition and debt ratio, long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio which indicates that high proportion of board composition is associated with lower debt ratio and long-term debt ratio which is there is low dependent on debt financing and CEO tenure and capital structure also has significant relationship, but only with long-term debt ratio. This suggests the longer tenure will lower the dependent on the debt financing. Abor, J. (2007). Corporate governance and financing decision of Ghanaian listed firms. Corporate Governance, 7(1), 83-92. Abu-Tapanjeh, A. M. (2006). An empirical study of firm structure and profitability relationship: The case of Jordan. 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Anderson, R. C., Mansi, S. A., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding family ownership and the agency cost of debt.     Journal of Financial Economics, 68(2), 263-285. Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding-family ownership and firm performance. The Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1301-1328. Azhagaiah, R., & Gavoury, C. (2011). The impact of capital structure on profitability with special reference to     IT industry in India vs. Domestic products. Managing Global Transition, 9(4), 371-392. Bartholomeusz, S., & Tanewski, G. A. (2006). The relationship between family firms and corporate governance.     Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 245-267. Beretta, S., & Bozzolan, S. (2008). Quality versus quantity. The case of forward – looking disclosure. Journal of     Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 3, 333-375. Berger, P., Ofek, E., & Yermack, D. (1997). Managerial entrenchment and capital structure decision. Journal of Finance, 54(4), 1411-1438. Boateng, A. (2004). 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(2012). Corporate Governance and capital structure of small business service firms in India. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(8), 83-92. Guner, B., Malmedier, U., & Tate, G. (2007). Financial expertise of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(2), 323-354. Haque, F., Arun, T. G., & Kirkpatrick, C. (2011). Corporate Governance and capital structure in developing countries: a case study of Bangladesh. Applied Economics, 43(6), 673-681. Harford, J., Li, K., & Zhao, X. (2008). Corporate Boards and the leverage and debt maturity choices.     International Journal of Corporate Governance, 1(1), 3-27. Hashim, H. A. (2011). Corporate disclosures by family firms: Malaysian evidence. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 6(2), 111-125. Heng, T. B., Azrbaijani, S., & San, O. T. (2012). Board of Directors and capital structureL Evidence from leading Malaysian Companies. Asian Social Science, 8(3), 123-136. Hussainey, K., & Aljifri, K. (2012). 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241 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=241 2016-10-27 Most of the existing literature in the FDI-political risk nexus has focused on the creation of economic models to assess foreign investment decisions in the presence of political risk. This is entirely legitimate and valuable as foreign investors are interested in assessing the political risk climate of their investment location. However, not much research has been done to assess how FDI could affect political risk. Globalization implies an increasing amount of cross-border investment and trade flows. For some countries, FDI is a huge component of their GDP. Since FDI is a composite bundle of capital stock, knowledge and technology (Balasubramanyam et al, 1996) and represents “International investment made with the objective of obtaining a lasting interest, by a resident entity in one economy in an enterprise resident in another economy” (OECD, 2000), we postulate that because of this stakeholder commitment, FDI could affect a country’s political risk level. The management literature has it that political risk measures the stability of individual countries based on factors grounded in government, society, security, and the economy (Bremmer, 2005). We expand on this notion to investigate whether, and if so, how FDI affects political risk? We believe that the contribution of our study is specifically in examining this reverse relationship running from FDI to political risk. In this preliminary paper we test this hypothesis for a sample of thirty countries in various stages of economic development and regime types over the 1984-2012 period. Preliminary results indicate that countries with increased FDI inflows demonstrate decreased levels of political risk. Although there are variations across countries, country groups that are considered developed and full democracies tend to exhibit the lowest levels of political risk. Our ongoing research is examining a sample of 140 countries using both time series and panel data techniques. Addison, Tony, and S. Mansoob Murshed. 2003. "UNU/WIDER Special Issue on Conflict. Explaining Violent Conflict: Going Beyond Greed Versus Grievance." Journal of International Development 15, no. 4: 391-396. AlAzzawi, Shireen. 2012. "Innovation, Productivity and Foreign Direct Investment-Induced R&D Spillovers." Journal Of International Trade & Economic Development 21, no. 5: 615-653. Asiri, Batool K., and Rehab A. Hubail. 2014. "An Empirical Analysis of Country Risk Ratings." Journal Of Business Studies Quarterly 5, no. 4: 52-67. Baek, Kyeonghi, and Xingwan Qian. 2011. 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"Explaining Changing Patterns of International Production: In Defense of the Eclectic Theory.” Oxford Bulletin Of Economics & Statistics 41, no. 4: 269-295. Dutta, Nabamita, and Sanjukta Roy. 2009. “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Press Freedom.” Kylos 63(1). Ernst, B., Sooreea, R., Gokcek, G. and Spain, D. “The Economic Impacts of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Growth versus Level Effects,” International Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 1/2/3, 2014: 100-117. Ekpenyong, David B., and Ntiedo J. Umoren. 2010. "Political Risk and the Business Environment: An Examination of Core Challenges.” Journal Of Financial Management & Analysis 23, no. 1: 27-32. Feng, Sun. 2014. "The Dual Political Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries.” Journal Of Developing Areas 48, no. 1: 107-125.  Fitzpatrick, Mark. 1983. "The Definition and Assessment of Political Risk in International Business: A Review of the Literature." 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242 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=242 2016-10-27 Knowledge is an important topic in modern management. Knowledge considers the new wealth of organizations by which superior business performance and a competitive advantage can be achieved. The primary objective of this research aims to investigate the influence of knowledge management to organizational innovativeness, business competitiveness and potential operation via competitive intensity and market turbulence as a moderator. Data were collected from 104 electrics and electronics businesses in Thailand. Multiple linear regression was performed in this study. The results indicated that the dimensions of knowledge management, namely, knowledge transfer affect product innovativeness and knowledge application affect product innovativeness, process innovativeness, and potential operation. While the competitive intensity and market turbulence not shown moderator effect. The implications of the results of the study are discussed. 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Boston: ,Havard Business School Press.     Dima, L. C., J. Grabara, et al. 2014. "Sustainable Logistics and Business Competitivness."International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 26: 48 –156.     Grant, R. M. 1991. "The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation."California Management Review33(3): 114 -135.     Gupta, n. K. and V. Govindarajan 2000. "Knowledge Flows within Multinational Corporations."Strategic Management Journal21(4): 473 - 496.     Hair, J., W. C. Black, et al. (2006).Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: , Pearson Prentice Hall.     Hanvanich, S., K. Sivakumar, et al. 2006. "The Relationship of Learning and Memory With Organizational Performance: The Moderating Role of Turbulence." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science34(4): 600-612.     Hoskisson, R., M. Hitt, et al. 1999. "Theory and Research in Strategic Management: Swings of a Pendulum."Journal of Management25(3): 417-456.     Hughes, M. and R. E. Morgan 2007. "Deconstructing the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance at the Embryonic     Stage of Firm      Growth."Industrial Marketing Management36(5): 651–661.     Hult, G. T. M., R. F. Hurley, et al. 2004. "Innovativeness: Its Antecedents and Impact on Business Performance." Industrial Marketing Management33(5): 429-438.     Jaworski, B. J. and A. K. Kohli 1993. "Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences."Journal of Marketing57(3): 53-70.     Kor, B. and C. Maden 2013. "The Relationship Between Knowledge Management and Innovation in Turkisk Services and High-Tech Firms."International Journal of Business and Social Science4(4).     Lee, V.-H., L.-Y.Leong, et al. 2013. "Knowledge Management: a Key Determinat in Advancing Technological Innovation?" Journal of Knowledge Managment17: 848-872.     Lumpkin, G. T. and G. G. Dess 1996. "Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance."The Academy of Management Review21(1): 135 - 172.     Mehrdad, M. and S. Abdolrahim (2010). Knowledge Management, Antecedent of Organizational Innovation and Competitiveness.Proceedings of the European Conference on Intellectual Capital.         Merx-Chermin, Mireille, et al. 2005. "Factors Influencing Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Organisation."Journal of European Industrial Training29(2/3): 135-147.     Nonaka, I. 1991. "The knowledge-creating company."Harvard Business Review69(6): 96-104.     Nonaka, I. 1994. "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation."Organization Science5(1): 14.     Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi (1995). The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press. Nunnally, J. and I. H. Bernstein (1994).Phychometic theory. New York, McGraw-Hill.    Plessis, M. d. 2007."The Role of Knowledge Management in Innovation."Journal of Knowledge Managment11(4): 20-29.     Prahalad, C. K. and G. Hamel 1990."The Core Competence of the Corporation."Harvard Business Review40(3): 79 - 91. Rasula, J., V. B. Vuksic, et al. 2012. "The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance."Economic and Business Review14(2): 147-168. Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of Innovation. New york, Free press. Rouse, M. and U. Daellenbach 2002. "More Thinking on Research Methods for the  Resource-Based Perspective."Strategic Management Journal23: 963 - 967.     Santos-Vijande, M. L. and L. I. Alvarez-Gonzalez 2007. "Innovativeness and  Organizational Innovation in Total Quality Oriented Firms: The Moderating Role of Market Turbulence." Technovation27(9): 514 - 532.     Tsai, K.-H.and T. T. Hsu 2014. "Cross-Functional Collaboration, Competitive Intensity, Knowledge Integration Mechanisms, and New Product Performance: A Mediated Moderation Model." Industrial Marketing Management: 293-303.     Tsai, K.-H.and S.-Y. Ynag 2013. "Firm Innovativeness and Business Performance: The Joint Moderating Effects of Market Turbulence and Competion."Industrial Marketing Management6(1). Wang, C. and K. Ahmed 2004. "The Development and Validation of the Organizational Innovativeness Construct Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis." European Journal of Innovation Management7: 303 - 313.     Wernerfelt, B. 1984."A resource Base view of the Firm."Strategic Management Journal5: 171-180. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-242.pdf Palan Jantarajaturapath Tudsuda Imsuwan Manirath Wongsim Knowledge Management Organizational Innovativeness Business Competitiveness Potential Operation 570023 65 0

243 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=243 2016-10-27 The main purpose of the study is to identify the economic, cultural and demographic determinants of life insurance consumption for 28 European countries. The study used panel data analysis techniques over the post financial crisis period 2009-2014 and considers many of the emerging Eastern European economies where there have been significant insurance sectors reforms recently. Europe is the largest insurance market with 35% of the overall insurance premium contribution but ranked third in insurance per capita in 2014, hence Europe is an interesting region to study the insurance demand. Among the explanatory variables assumed in the study, gross savings, inflation, GDP and openness of economy (economic variables), population (demographic variable), power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and individualism (cultural variables) have been observed to have a significant impact on life insurance demand in the European region. A. Chui and C. Kwok, “National Culture and Life Insurance Consumption”, Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 88‐101, (2008). Anderson D.R. and Nevin J.R, “Determinants of Young Marrieds’ Life Insurance Purchasing Behavior: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 42, 375‐387, (1975). Beenstock, M., G. Dickinson and S. Khajuria, “The Determinants of Life Premiums: An International Cross-Section Analysis 1970-1981”, Insurance Mathematics and Economics 5, 261-270, (1986). Beck T. and Webb I., “Economic, Demographic and Institutional Determinants of Life Insurance Consumption across Countries”, The World Bank Economic Review 17, 51-88, (2003). Browne, M. J. and K. Kim, “An International Analysis of Life Insurance Demand”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 60, 616-634, (1993). Burnett J.J. and Palmer B.A., “Examining Life Insurance Ownership through Demographic and Psychographic Characteristics”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 51, 453-467 (1984). C. Zhang and Nong, “Determinants of the Development of Insurance in China under the globalization”, (2005). DePamphlis, D. M., “Variation in Individual Life Insurance Premium Revenues: An Econometric Approach”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 44, 67-76, (1977). Diacon, S. R., “The Demand for U. K. Ordinary Life Insurance: 1946-1968”, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 24, 19-50, (1980). Faisal, Stanley & Chris, “Insurance, Systemic Risk and the Financial Crisis”, The Geneva Papers 36, 126-163, (2011).  Fitzgerald, J, “The Effects of Social Security on Life Insurance Demand by Married Couples”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 54, 86-99, (1987). Hammond J.P. Houston D.B. and Melander E.R., “Determinants of Household Life Insurance Premium Expenditures: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 34, 397-408, (1967). Headen, R. S. and L. J. Finley, “Life Insurance Demand and Household Portfolio Behaviour”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 41, 685-698, (1974). Hofflander and Duvall, “Inflation and Sales of Life Insurance”, Risk and Insurance 34, 355-61, (1967). Hofstede, G., “Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations”, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc 2, (2003). Hwang T. and Greenford B, “A Cross-Section Analysis of the Determinants of Life Insurance Consumption in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan”, Risk Management and Insurance Review 8, 103-125, (2005). Karni, E. and I. Zilcha, “Risk Aversion in the Theory of Life Insurance: TheFisherian Model”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 53, 606-620, (1986). Li D., Moshirian F., Nguyen P. and Wee T., “The Demand for Life Insurance in OECD Countries”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 74, 637-652, (2007). Lim, C.C. and S. Haberman, “Modelling Life Insurance Demand from a Macroeconomic Perspective: The Malaysian Case”, Research Paper: The 8th International Congress on Insurance, Mathematics and Economics, Rome, 3-9, (2004). Mantis, G. and R. N. Farmer, “Demand for Life Insurance”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 35, 247-256, (1968). Neumann S., “Inflation and Saving through Life Insurance”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 5, 567-582, (1969). Pratt, J. W, “Risk Aversion in the Small and in the Large”, Econometrica 32, 122-136, (1964). Outreville J.F., “Life Insurance Markets in Developing Countries”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 63, 263-278, (1996). Schlag, C-H., “Determinants of demand for life insurance products - Theoretical concepts and empirical evidence”, Swiss Re Economic Research & Consulting, 8-9, (2003). Schwebler, R., “Identification and Quantification of the Overall Impact of the National Economy on Life Assurance in the Federal Republic of Germany”, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 32, 280-298, (1984). Park, J. Lemaire, and C.T. Chua, “Is the Design of Bonus‐Malus Systems Influenced by Insurance Maturity or National Culture?”, The Geneva Papers 35, 2-21, (2010). Sibel, C. and Mustafa M.K, “Determinants of demand for Life Insurance in European Countries”, Problems and Perspectives in Management 7, 33-35, (2009). Szpiro, G. G., “Optimal Insurance Coverage”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 52, 705-710 (1985). Treerattanapun A., “The Impact of Culture on Non-Life Insurance Consumption”, Wharton Research Scholars Journal 78, 6‐12, (2011). Truett, D. B. and L. J. Truett, “The Demand for Life Insurance in Mexico and the United States: A Comparative Study”, Journal of Risk and Insurance 57, 321-328, (1990). Ward, D. and R. Zurbruegg, “Law, Politics and Life Insurance Consumption in Asia”, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 27, 395-412, (2002). Yaari, M. E., “Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer”, Review of Economics Studies 32, 137-150 (1965). Zhuo, Z., “Demand for Life Insurance: An Empirical Analysis on China”, Zeitschrift fur Versicherungwesen 32, 6-7, (1999). Yaari, M. E., “Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer”, Review of Economics Studies 32, 137-150 (1965). https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-243.pdf Aditi Mitra European Union Economic Growth Investment Decisions Insurance 576088 71 0

244 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=244 2016-10-27 Information security is an important activity which is vital for corporate or organizational activities. However, focusing only on the strengthening for the performance of information security may act as a factor increasing the techno-stress the members of the organization feel. This study inquired into the impacts of information security techno-stress on individual job satisfaction and empirically verified the relationship between information security techno-stress and individual job satisfaction, preceding factors and results, regarding how to use information security effectively. The results of the analysis, the strengthening of information security caused techno-stress, and the information security techno-stress had negative impacts on individual jot satisfaction. As security is inclined to technical countermeasures, security technology is further strengthened, and accordingly, the techno-stress of the members of the organization increases, while on the other hand, individual job efficiently decreases, which is judged that this will have negative impacts on the personal performance in the organization. Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. and Purvis, R., 2011. “Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications1”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2011, pp.831-858. Bandura, A., 1997. “Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change”, Psychological review, 84(2), pp.191-215 Chin, W. W., 1998. “Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation formative”. MIS quarterly, pp.vii-xvi. Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., and Salisbury, W. D., 1997. “Advancing the theory of adaptive structuration: The development of a scale to measure faithfulness of appropriation. Information Systems Research”, 8(4), pp.342-367. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F., 1981. “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of marketing research, pp.39-50. Im, M. and Han, G., 2013. “An Investigation of Causes and Effects of Technostress Creators”, The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp.31-45. Jeong, G. and Jeong, S., 2011. “The Effect of Information Protection Control Activities on Organizational Effectiveness: Mediating Effects of Information Application”, Intellectual Information System, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp.71~90. Kim, J., 2012. “Reflective Indicator vs. Formative Indicator: Theoretical Discussion, Empirical Comparison, and Practical Usefulness”, Marketing Research, 27(4), pp.199-226. Park, C. and Im, M., 2012. “The Impact of Technostress on Information Security Perception and Organizational Outcomes”, The Journal of KIIT, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.97-109. Sankar, Y., Natale, S. 1990. “Technological Change, Technostress, and Industrial Humanism”, International Journal Value Based Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.91-103 Tarafdar, M., Qiang Tu, Bhanu S. Rangu-Nathan, and T.S. Rangu-Nathan, 2007. “The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp.301-328. Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S., 2005. “Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice”. MIS quarterly, pp.35-57. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-244.pdf Ho-Jin Park June-Suh Cho Information Security Technical Security Techno-Stress Job Satisfaction 560597 65 0

245 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=245 2016-10-27 In today’s world, Mexico and Chile are nations with growing economic development. Both have different and interesting histories leading to that growth and have had to design in recent years, public policies which contribute to the accumulation of capital. One of the principal sources of capital is the attraction of foreign direct investment – which, starting with its normative aspect – and proceeding to the attraction of investment flows, have had to be modified lately. According to the theory of the creation of new determinants, the probability of improving some determinants will contribute to an increase in attracting foreign direct investment flows to the receiving state. This research demonstrates that once the theory mentioned above has been applied to Mexico and Chile, the results shows that both nations attracted more FDI flows. For the case of Mexico, the skilled labor as well as low cost labor, tax incentives and natural resources contributed to get more inflows and for the case of Chile, inflows increased because it offers tax incentives, a better legal framework and an industrial policy focus on FDI to international investors. It is also remarkable that in both cases, they use regularly other determinants to attract FDI such as infrastructure, gross domestic product, geographical location, and the like. Bellak, C., Leibrecht, M. y Liebensteiner, M. (2010). Attracting Foreign Direct Investment: the public policy scope for south east European countries.Eastern Journal of European Studies, 1(2), pp. 37-53 Berkoz, L. &Sence, S. (2009). Locational Preferences of FDI Firms in Turkey: A Detailed Examination of Regional Determinants. European Planning Studies, 17(8), pp. 1243-1256 Bliss, Ch. I. (1934). The method of probits. Science, 79 (2037),  pp. 38–39. Botello, Juan C. and Davila, M. (2013). Public Policy as a Determinant for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico since 2000-2013. International Journal of Business and Economic Development, 2(1), pp. 78-89 Botello, Juan C. and Davila, M. (2015). The new determinant creation theory:  a way to attract new foreign direct investment flows. International Journal of Business and Economic Development, 3(1), pp. 96-109 Botric, V., Skuflic, L. (2006). Main determinants of foreign direct investment in the southeast European countries.Transition Studies Review, 13(2), pp. 357-377 Broadman, H.G. & Sun, X. (1997). The Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in China, The World Economy, 20(3), pp. 339-362 Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2013). La Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina y el Caribe. Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Chile. Deichmann, J., Karidis, S. &Sayek, S. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey: Regional Determinants, Applied Economics, 35(16), pp. 1767-1778. De los Santos,  T. (2014). The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows: The Chilean Case, Insights to a Changing World, 2014(3), pp. 52-68 Dunning, J. (1988). Explaining international production. London: Unwin Hyman Engle, Robert F. and Clive W. J. Granger (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), pp. 251-276 Erdal, F. &Tatoglu, F. (2002). Locational Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in an Emerging Market economy: The Turkish experience, Multinational Business Review, 10(1), pp. 21-27 Figueroa, S. (2012). Emergent Vulnerability in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: The Case of Mexico. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11, pp. 374-385 Goodspeed, T., Martinez-Vazquez, J. y Zhang, L. (2009). Public Policies and FDI Location: Differences between developing and developed countries, International Studies Program Working Paper, GDU paper No 0910 Granger, Clive W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), pp. 424-438 Granger, Clive W. J. and Paul Newbold (1974). Spurious Regressions in Econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2, pp. 111-120 Groh, A., Wich, M. (2009). A Composite Measure to Determine a Host Country´s Attractiveness for FDI. IESE Business School Working Paper Number 833 He, C. (2002). Information costs, agglomeration economies and the location of foreign direct investment in China, Regional Studies, 36(9), pp. 1029-1036 Hill, Charles. (2012). International Business.12 Ed. USA: McGraw Hill. Kinoshita, Y. (2003). Why does FDI go where it goes? New Evidence from the transition economies.William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 573 Lim, D. (1983). Fiscal incentives and direct foreing investment in less developed countries, Journal of Development Studies, 19(2), pp. 207-212 Mariotti, S. &Piscitello, L. (1995) Information Cost and Location of FDI´s Within the Host Country: Empirical Evidence from Italy, Journal of International Business Studies, 26(4), pp. 815-840 Mendoza, J. (2011). Impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en el Crecimiento Manufacturero en México. Revista Problemas del Desarrollo, 167(42), pp. 45-69 Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Aguascalientes (2000), Informes De Gobierno (2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Baja California (2000), Informes De Gobierno (2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Baja California Sur (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Campeche (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Chiapas (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Chihuahua (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Coahuila (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Colima (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Durango (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Mexico (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Guanajuato (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Guerrero (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Hidalgo (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Jalisco (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Michoacan (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Morelos (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Nayarit (2000), Informes De Gobierno (2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Nuevo Leon (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). MEXICO, GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE OAXACA (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Puebla (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Quintana Roo (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Queretaro (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De San Luis Potosí (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Sinaloa (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Sonora (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Tabasco (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Tlaxcala (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Veracruz (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Yucatán (2000), Informes De Gobierno(2000-2013). Mexico, Gobierno Del Estado De Zacatecas (2000), Informes de gobierno(2000-2013). Morgan, R., Katsikeas, A. (1997). Theories of international trade, foreign direct investment and firm internationalization: a critique, Management Decision, 35(1), pp.68-78 Ondrich, J. &Wasylenko, M. (1993). Foreign Direct Investment in the United States(Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) Popovici, C., Calin, A. (2012). Attractiveness Of Public Policies For Fdi In Central And Eastern European Countries. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 61-67. Ramírez, M. (2001). Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico and Chile: A Critical Appraisal. LATIN America Business Review, 2(12), pp. 55-82 Rasiah, R. (2000). Globalization and Private Capital Movements. Third World Quarterly, 21(6), pp. 943-961. Steinbrecher,G. &Shaw, T. (2008). Quantile mechanics. European Journal of Applied Mathematics 19(2), pp. 87–112. Wald, Abraham (1940). The Fitting of Straight Lines if Both Variables are Subject to Error. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 11, pp. 284-300. Wei, Y., Liu, X. Parker, D. & Vaidya, K. (1999). The Regional Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in China. Regional Studies, 33(9), pp. 857-867. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-245.pdf Juan Carlos Botello Martin Davila Foreign direct investment determinants public policy Mexico Chile. 589445 73 2

246 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=246 2016-10-27 Numerous studies have been conducted in Islamic compliant securities, and yet the debate surrounding whether these securities have a significant influence on the stock market rages on. This paper therefore examines the effects of changes in dividend announcements in respect to the conventional and Shari’ah compliant stocks on Malaysian stock market returns. In addition, the investigation will be conducted based on five different economic conditions namely for the: (1) overall period (1990-2010); (2) before the Asian financial crisis (1990-1996); (3) during the Asian financial crisis (1997-1998); (4) after the Asian financial crisis (1999-2007); and (5) during the global financial crisis (2008-2010).Our findings reveal that the changes in dividend announcements of Shari’ah compliant stocks had a significant effect on the Malaysian stock market returns compared to the conventional stocks for every economic condition, except for the period during the global financial crisis. The findings indicate that the Malaysian investors are more sensitive with changes in dividends of Shari’ah compliant stocks rather than the conventional stocks. Abdullah, N. A., Abdul Rashid, R., & Ibrahim, Y. (2004). Information Centent of Dividend Changes in an Emerging Market. International Journal of Banking and Finance, 2(1), 1-18. Ali, M. B., & Chowdhury, T. A. (2010). Effect of Dividend on Stock Price in Emerging Stock Market: A study on the Listed Private Commercial Banks in DSE. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4), 52-64. Amihud, Y., & Li, K. (2005). The Declining Information Content of Dividend Announcements and the Effects of Institutional Holdings. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 1-42. Banker, R. D., Das, S., & Datar, S. M. (1993). Complementary of Prior Accounting Information: The Case of Stock Dividend Announcements. The Accounting Review, 68, 28-47. Bhana, N. (1998). The Share Price Reaction on the Johennesburg Stock Exchange for Special (Extra) Dividend Announcements. Investment Analysts Journal, 47, 5-15. Borde, S. F., Byrd, A. K., & Atkinson, S. M. (1999). Stock Price Reaction to Dividend increases in the Hotel and Restaurant Sector. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 40-52. Bujang, I. (2005). The Relevance of Gordon's Model and Earnings Multiplier Approaches in Emerging Stock Market: Test with Appropriate Refinements. Unpublished Master Thesis. Bujang, I., & Md Nassir, A. (2007). The Relevance of Gordon's Model and Earnings Multiplier Approaches in Emerging Stock Market: Test with Appropriate Refinements. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 140-152. Capstaff, J., Klaeboe, A., & Marshall, A. P. (2004). Share Price Reactions to Dividend Announcements: Empirical Evidence on the Signalling Model from the Oslo Stock Exchange. Multinational Finance Journal, 8(1 & 2), 115-139. Chemmanur, T. J., Jie, H., Gang, H., & Liu, H. (2010). Is Dividend Smoothing Universal? New Insights from a Comparative Study of Dividend Policies in Hong Kong and U.S. Journal of Corporate Finance, 16, 413-430. Grullon, G., Michaely, R., & Swaminathan, B. (2002). Are Dividend Changes a Sign of Firm Maturity? Journal of Business, 75(3), 387-424. Gunasekarage, A., & Power, D. M. (2006). Anomalous Evidence in Dividend Announcement Effect. Journal of Managerial Finance, 32(3), 209-226. Jr., C. M., & Muhammad, J. (2010). The Theoretical Impact of The Listing Of Syariah-Approved Stocks On Stock Price And Trading Volume. International Business & Economics Research Journal, Volume 9, (Number 3), 11-20. Karim, M. (2010). Announcement Effects of Dividend on Stock Price of Enlisted Companies in Developed Countries: A Comparative Study Between London Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/srrn.1624363. Lonie, A. A., Abeyratna, G., Power, D. M., & Sinclair, C. D. (1996). The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements. A UK Study of Complex Market Signals. Journal of Economic Studies, 23(1), 32-52. Mohamed, N. (2005). Information Signaling and Dividend Policies in Malaysia. Unpublished PHD Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Mohamed, N., Abdul Hamid, M. A., Md Nassir, A., & Mohamed, S. (2006). Information Content of Dividend Changes: Cash Flow Signaling, Dividend Clientele and Free Cash Flow Hypothesis. Malaysian Accounting Review, 5(1), 65-84. Nobanee, H., Haddad, A. E., Alshattarat, W. K., & Alshattarat, H. K. (2009). An Analysis of the Informational Content of Dividend Change Payments at Amman Stock Exchange. Journal of Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 5, 76-91. Ryan, P. A., Besley, S., & Hei, W. L. (2000). An Empirical Analysis of Reactions to Dividend Policy Changes for NASDAQ Firms. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decision, 13(1). Sadeghi, M. (2008). Financial Performance of Shariah-Compliant Investment: Evidence from Malaysian Stock Market. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics(Issue 20), 15-26. Shafi, R. M. (2011). Sensitivity on Stock Returns and Volatility: The Case of Shari’ah Compliant Securities in Bursa Malaysia. Academic Journal UiTM Johor, 10, 105-117. Sponholtz, C. (2005). Separating the Stock Market Reactions to Simultaneous Dividend and Earnings Announcements. Working Paper Series No. 212, 1-25. Zhong, M. A. (1999). Dividend Signalling by Insurance Companies and Price Regulation: A Reexamination. Journal of Insurance Issues, 22(2), 164-176. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-246.pdf Anastasiah Harbi Imbarine Bujang Conventional Stocks Shari'ah Compliant Stocks. Unexpected Changes in Dividend Announcements Cumulative Abnormal Returns. 572061 70 0

247 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=247 2016-10-27 Inventory management represents a key success factor that shows how efficient a company is controlling its inventories. However, there is little information on inventory management practice in a small business setting. Therefore, this study examines the current state of inventory management practices and factors that influence their use in micro retailing enterprises. A questionnaire survey was employed to gather data from the targeted respondents. Using 100 completed replies, the results demonstrate that most responding enterprises have adopted both unsystematic and systematic inventory management approaches in their business. A fully systematic approach of inventory management was only utilized by 33 per cent of the total respondents. In terms of inventory management techniques used, ‘the rule of thumb’ is the most popular among respondents. Meanwhile, EOQ, Bar Code Tagging and VMI are only applied by a small number of respondents. The results also indicate that Purchasing and Controlling are the most frequent inventory management activities applied by micro enterprises as opposed to Storage and Tracing. Finally, the results suggest that owner/managers’ attitude and knowledge in inventory management have significant and positive influences on inventory management practices. On the other hand, the cost factor has a significant and negative influence on inventory management practices. Thus, all three proposed hypotheses developed in this study are supported. Ahmad, K 2012, The Use of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian SMEsPh.D Thesis. University of Exeter. United Kingdom. Ahmad, K Mohamed Zabri, S & Mohamed, MIP 2014, Inventory Management Practices among Small and Medium-sized Retails Enterprises proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship, Melaka, Malaysia pp.344-350. Ahmad, K & Mohamed Zabri S 2015, ‘Factors explaining the use of management accounting practices in Malaysian medium-sized firms’ Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 22, no.4, pp. 762-781. Ali, SS, Madaan, J, Chan, FTS& Kannan, S 2013, ‘Inventory management of perishable products: a time decay linked logistic approach’ International Journal of Production Research,vol. 51, no. 13.  Ayad, A 2008, ‘Optimizing inventory and store results in big box retail environment’ International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 180-191. Bala, PK 2012, Improving inventory performance with clustering based demand forecasts. Journal of Modelling in Management, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23-37. Beheshti, HM 2010, ‘A decision support system for improving performance of inventory management in a supply chain network 'International Journal of Productivity and Performance, vol. 59, no. 5,pp. 452-467. Capkun, V Hameri, AP & Weiss, LA 2009, ‘On the relationship between inventory and financial performance in manufacturing companies 'International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 29, no.8, pp. 789-806. Chikan, A & Whybark CD 1990, ‘Cross-national comparison of production and inventory management practices 'Engineering Costs and Production Economics, vol. 19, pp. 149-56. Claassen, MJT Weele, AJV &Raaij, EMV 2008, ‘Performance outcomes and success factors of vendor managed inventory (VMI)’Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 406 – 414. Dobler, K & Burt, H 2006, Purchasing management (6th ed.) Mcgrawhill International Edition Dorling, K Scott, J & Deakins, E 2006, ‘Determinants of successful vendor managed inventory relationships in oligopoly industries 'International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 36 no. 3,pp. 176-191. Gaur, V Marshall LF &Raman, A2005, ‘An Econometric Analysis of Inventory Turnover Performance in Retail Services. Management Science, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 181-194.  Gitman, LJ & Zutter, CJ 2012, Principles of Managerial Finance, 13th Ed. Pearson Education Limited. Heizer, J & Render, B 2014, Operations Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. 11th Ed. Pearson Kolias, GD Dimelis, SP & Filios, VP 2011, ‘An empirical analysis of inventory turnover behaviour in Greek retail sector: 2000–2005’ International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 143–153.  Koumanakos, DP 2008, ‘The effect of inventory management on firm performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 57, no. 5, pp.  355-369. Lee, H & Kleiner BH 2001, ‘Inventory management in the women's retail clothing industry, Management Research News, vol. 24, no. 3,pp. 40-44. Manthou, V 1994, ‘Concepts and applications of inventory management in Northern Greece 'International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 35, pp. 149-52. Mohanty, RP 1985, ‘Inventory Problems under Multiple Constraints: Some Studies’ Engineering Costs and Production Economics, vol. 9, pp. 355-361. Niranjan, TT Wagner, SM & Nguyen, SM 2012, ‘Prerequisites to vendor-managed inventory 'International Journal of Production Research, vol. 50, no. 4,pp. 939-951. Pirttila, T & Virolainen, V 1992, ‘An overview of the state and problems of inventory management in Finland 'International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 26, pp. 217-20. Rajeev, N 2008, ‘Inventory management in small and medium enterprises: A study of machine tool enterprises in Bangalore 'Management Research News, vol. 31, no.9, pp. 659-669. Shah, R & Shin, H 2007, ‘Relationships among information technology, inventory, and profitability: An investigation of level invariance using sector level data’ Journal of Operations Management, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 768–784.  Shen, L Govindan, K Borade,AB Diabat, A & Kannan, D 2013, ‘An evaluation of vendor managed inventory practices from small and medium Indian enterprises 'Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.76-95. Shouse, DL& Teel, L 2006,‘Inventory: catalyst for collection development 'Collection Building, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 129-133. Strohhecker, J & Grobler, A 2013, ‘Do personal traits influence inventory management performance? The case of intelligence, personality, interest and knowledge 'International Journal Production Economics, vol. 142, pp. 37–50. Tanskanen, K Holmstrom, J Elfving, J & Talvitie, U 2008, ‘Vendor-managed-inventory (VMI) in construction 'International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 29-40. Urban, TL 2002, ‘The interdependence of inventory management and retail shelf management 'International journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 41-58. Waller, MA Nachtmann, H & Hunter, J 2006, ‘Measuring the impact of inaccurate inventory information on a retail outlet’The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 355-376. Wallin, CM Rungtusanatham, MJ Rabinovich, E 2006, ‘What is the "right" inventory management approach for a purchased item?’ International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 50 – 68. Zainudin, A 2015. SEM Made Simple: A Gentle Approach to Learning Structural Equation Modeling MPWS Publisher. Bangi Selangor. Malaysia https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-247.pdf Kamilah Ahmad Shafie Mohamed Zabri Inventory management retailing sector Malaysia micro enterprises SMEs 585313 198 0

248 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=248 2016-10-27 Formulated on resource based view of the firm, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of enterprise resource planning system (ERP) adoption within the firm and e-business between firm and business partners for competitive advantage. The relationship between competitive advantage and firm performance is also investigated. Mailed-questionnaire is determined as a data collection instrument distributed to listed companies that are registered on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. Hence, 122 completed questionnaires are used in the analysis. The results indicate that ERP adoption within the firm and e-business between firms positively impact competitive advantage. The positive relationship between competitive advantage and firm performance is also established. In addition, this research discovers the positive effects of the introducing of ERP within the firm and e-business between firms for competitive advantage. Aaker, D., V. 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Top management adoption of a locally driven performance measurement and evaluation system: A social network perspective. Management Accounting Research, 19, 182-207. Matolcsy, Z. P., P. Booth, and B. Weider, 2005. Economic benefits of enterprise resource planning systems: some empirical evidence. Accounting & Finance, 45, 439-456. Neter, J., W. Wasserman, and M. H. Kutner, 1985. Applied linear statistical models: Regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Nunnally, J.C. and I. H. Berstein, 1994. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill. Phan, D. D., 2003. E-business development for competitive advantage: a case study. Information & Management, 40(6), 581-590. Piccoli, G. and B. Ives, 2005. IT-Dependent Strategic Initiatives and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. MIS Quarterly, 29(4), 747-776. Porter, M. E., 1985. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: Free Press. Ram, J. D. Corkindale, and M.-L. Wu, 2014. ERP adoption and the value creation: examining the contributions of antecedents. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 33, 113-133.   Rivard, S., L. Raymond and D. Verreault, 2006. Resource-based view and competitive strategy: An integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. Strategic Information Systems, 15(1), 29-50. Schubert, P, S. P. Williams and R. Woelfle, 2011. Sustainable Competitive Advantage in E-Commerce and the Role of the Enterprise System. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, 7, 1-17. Sprano, E. and A. Zakak, 2000. E-commerce capable: competitive advantage for countries in the new world economy. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 10(2), 114 – 122. Swaminathan, J. and S. Tayur, 2003. Models for supply chains in e-business. Management Science, 49, 1387-1406. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-248.pdf Khajit Konthong Pimgarn Suwan-natada Amarit Sompong Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) E-business Resource Based View (RBV) Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance 574600 84 0

249 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=249 2016-10-27 Deregulation, privatization and the change in international rules on trade in services led to the increase in the number of private higher education institutions and international branch campuses in the Arab Gulf region. With the inspiration to shift to a knowledge-based economy and to prepare graduates to meet the needs of the public and the private sectors, recent initiatives in higher education in these countries have been either mostly state-driven or mostly market-driven, with varying degree of success. These initiatives required changes in the regulatory environment and did not fully address the challenges faced in the higher education sector. The paper examines the rationales and strategies used by six countries in the Arab Gulf, which are working towards positioning themselves as regional education hubs, highlighting the challenges and the areas that require further study. Ahmed, A. A. and Rao, C. P. (2011) The University as a Multinational Corporation. Journal of International Business Education, 6, 119-138  Al-Eisa, E.S. and Smith, L. (2013). Governance in Saudi Higher Education. In Smith, L. and Abouammoh, A. (Eds.), Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht: Springer Science, p. 27-35 Bashir, S. (2007). Trends in International Trade in Higher Education: Implications and Options for Developing Countries. Education Working Paper Series No. 6. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079956815/WPS6_Intl_trade_higherEdu.pdf Becker, R.F.J. (2009). International branch campuses: markets and strategies. London: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education. Bilboe, W. (2011). Vocational education and training in Kuwait: Vocational education versus values and viewpoints. International Journal of Training Research, 9, p. 256–260 Birtwistle, T. (December, 2006). Higher education and the general [lack of] agreement on trade in services: from Doha to Hong Kong and beyond. Education and the Law, 18 (4), 295-307 Clark, N. (September 1, 2013). International Academic Mobility: Kuwait. World Education News & Reviews. http://wenr.wes.org/2013/09/international-academic-mobility-kuwait Coffman, J. (2003). Higher education in the Gulf Privatization and Americanization. International Higher Education, 33, p. 17-19 Dakhli, M. and El Zohairy, D. (2013). Emerging Trends in Higher Education in the GCC: A Critical Assessment. Alon, I. Jones, V. and McIntyre, J. R. (eds.). Innovation in Business Education in Emerging Markets. Palgrave Macmillian, Hamphire: England, p. 43-60 Denman, B. D. and Hilal, K. T. (2011). From Barriers to Bridges: An Investigation on Saudi Student Mobility (2006–2009). International Review of Education, 57, p. 299–318 Goodliffe, T., Trevor-Roper, S., Razvi, S. and Al Habsi, F. (2015). Accommodating diversity: developing an institutional accreditation system for the higher education sector in Oman. Paper reprented in INQAAHE Conference. Changing Lanscape of Higher Education: New Demands on Quality Assurance. http://www.oaaa.gov.om/About.aspx#Conference Jamjoom, Y. (September 2012). Understanding Private Higher Education in Saudi Arabia - Emergence, Development and Perceptions. Thesis submitted to Institute of Education University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Khodr, H. (2012). The Specialized Cities of the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Case Study of a Distinct Type of Policy Innovation and Diffusion. Digest of Middle East Studies, 21 (1), 149–177 Kirk, D. (January 2015). Innovate or Replicate? Education Reform Initiatives in the Gulf Cooperation Council States. The Muslim World, 105, 78-92 DOI: 10.1111/muwo.12081 Knight, J. (1999). Internationalisation of higher education. In Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Ed.), Quality and internationalisation in higher education. Paris: OECD.  Knight, J. and Morshidi, S. (2011). The complexities and challenges of regional education hubs: focus on Malaysia. Higher Education, 62, p. 593-606 Madichie, O. and Kolo, J. (2013). An exploratory enquiry into the internationalization of higher education in the United Arab Emirates. The Marketing Review, 13 (1), 83-99 Marginson, S. (2016). High Participation Systems of Higher Education. The Journal of Higher Education, 87 (2), 243-271 Mazi, A. and Altbach P.G. (2013). Dreams & Realities: The World-Class Idea and Saudi Arabian Higher Education. In Smith, L. and Abouammoh, A. (Eds.), Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht: Springer Science, p. 13- 26 Mansheng, Z (2009). Education Imports and Exports in the Framework of the World Trade Organization and Adjustments of Education Legislation and Policy Making in China. Chinese Education and Society, 42 (4), p. 41–53 Ministry of Development, Planning and Statistics (2014). Chapter IV Education Statistics. http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/knowledge_center/Tab2/4 _Education_2014_edu.pdf Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (2014). The UAE Higher Education Fact Book. http://www.mohesr.gov.ae/En/ServicesIndex/Documents/UAE-factbook24Feb-en-Dversion .pdf Onsman, A. (November, 2010). Dismantling the perceived barriers to the implementation of national higher education accreditation guidelines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32 (5), P. 511–519 Quality Assurance Agency for higher Education (June 2014). Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview.  http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Review-Transnational-Education-UAE-14.pdf Romani, V. (May 2009). The Politics if Higher Education in the Middle East: Problems and Prospect. Middle East Brief, 36, 1-8.  http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB36. pdf Ross, J. and Trevor-Roper, S. (February 2015). The case for National Program Accreditation in the Sultanate of Oman. OQNHE Conference, Muscat, Quality Management & Enhancement in Higher Education.  http://www.oaaa.gov.om/Conference/OQNHE%20Paper%20from%20J%20 Ross%20and%20S%20Trevor-Roper%20FINALISED_ PDF%20Version.pdf Rouis, M., Al-Abdulrazzaq, A. and Carey, K. (October 2010). Economic Integration in the GCC. New York: The World Bank.  http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/GCCStudyweb.pdf Smith, L. and Abouammoh, A. (2013). Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht: Springer Science The International Monetary Fund (2011). Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Enhancing Economic Outcomes in an uncertain Global Economy. https://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/dp/2011/1101mcd.pdf Tilak, J. (2008). Higher education: a public good or a commodity for trade? Commitment to higher education or commitment of higher education to trade. Prospects, 38, p. 449–466 UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2012). http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/ international-student-flow-viz.aspx Verger, A. (2009). The Merchants of Education: Global Politics and the Uneven Education Liberalization Process within the WTO. Comparative Education Review, 53 (3), p. 379-401 Wagie, D. and Fox, W. (2006). Transforming Higher Education in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). International Journal of Learning, 12 (7), 277-286 Weber, A. S. (2015). Revolution in Arabian Gulf Education. In Bakić-Mirić, N and Gaipov, D. E. (eds.). Current trends and Issues in Higher Education. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle: UK, p.141-156 Wilkins, S. (2010). Higher education in the United Arab Emirates: an analysis of the outcomes of significant increases in supply and competition. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32 (4), 389–400 Wiseman, A. W., and Al-bakr, F. (2013). The elusiveness of teacher quality: A comparative analysis of teacher certification and student achievement in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Prospects 43, 289–309. DOI 10.1007/s11125-013-9272-z https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-25_c-249.pdf Lobna Ali Al-Khalifa Higher education General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) regulatory reforms education hubs 811944 63 0

250 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=250 2016-10-27 This study is aimed at evaluating the architectural factors attracting customers to shop in the Malaysian shopping malls. Studies in the past, focused attention primarily on the provisions of various shopping items that attract customers to a mall without given due considerations to the architectural factors. The architectural factors were evaluated using five point Liker scales, which is used to obtain mean scores of the factors that attract customers. A questionnaire survey was administered to major customers patronizing Malaysian shopping malls. The customers were randomly selected. The architectural factors attracting customers to shop in the Malaysian shopping malls were ranked using Friedman’s comparison test. The results indicated significant differences in the customers ranking of the factors. This study is limited to the customers patronizing Malaysian shopping malls. The study provided the criteria for an evaluation of the architectural factors that attract customers to shop in the malls. The study also provides information to the developers of shopping malls in developing countries for an improved business growth. The study created bases for self-evaluation and competition among the developers of shopping malls for the enhancement of productivity and general contribution to the country’s GDP. This study emanated from the governmental reports and past research in the area of retailing businesses in Malaysia. Finally, the study recommended developing shopping malls in certain locations, provision of facilities and services and constructions of malls with high quality materials and nice aesthetics beautification. Ahmed Z.U., Ghingold, M., &Dahari, Z. (2007) Malaysian shopping mall behavior: An exploratory study Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 19 (4), 331-348 Alam, S., Yasin, N. (2010).An Investigation into the Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction of     on-line shopping, Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness 5(1) Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., &Mazvancheryl, S. K. (2004) Customer satisfaction and shareholder value Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 172-185. Anselmsson, J. (2006). Sources of Customer Satisfaction with Shopping Malls: A comparative study of different customer segments. International review of retail, distribution & consumer research,Feb., 16 (1), 115-131 Anuradha and Manohar, (2011) Customer shopping experience in malls with entertainment centres    in Chennai.  African Journal of Business Management, 5(31), 12319-12324, 7 December,     2011.  Arnold, M.J., & Reynolds, K.E. (2003).Hedonic shopping motivationsJournal of Retailing 79 (2): 1–20.  Bellenger D., Robertson D. & Greenberg B. (1977) Shopping centre patronage motives Journal of Retailing 53(2), 29-38. Bagozzi, R.P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.  Bowen, J. T., & Chen, S. L. May (2001). The Relationship between Customer Loyalty and     Customer Satisfaction, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,     213-217. Chetthamrongchai, P., and Davies, G. (2000) Segmenting the market for food shoppers using     attitudes to shopping and to time British Food Journal, 102 (2), 81-101 Chun, H. K., Hassan, A. S. & Noordin, N. M. (2005). An influence of colonial architecture to building styles and motifs in colonial cities in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference of the Asian Planning Schools Association. Cohen, J.  (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second edition,  Hillsdale. New Jersey.  Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc.  Craig, A. M. And Turley, L. W. (2004) Malls and consumption motivation: An exploratory     examination of older generation and young consumers International Journal of Retail &    Distribution Management 32 (10), 464 – 475 Dennis, C., Murphy, J., Marsland, D., Cockett, T., & Patel, T. (2002). Measuring image: shopping centre case studies. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 12(4), 355-373.  El-Adly, M. I. (2007) Shopping malls attractiveness: A segmentation approach. Journal of Retail &    DistributionManagement 35 (11), 936–950. Erkip, F. (2003).The shopping mall as an emergent public space in Turkey Environment and     Planning A, 35, 1073-1093 Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Sage publications. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 39-50. Giudici P. (2003). Applied Data Mining Statistical Method for Business and Industry. London: Wiley  Hanif, M., Hafeez, S., &Riaz, Adnan (2010) Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics - Issue 60 Hanzaee, K, H., Kheiry, B., Abghari, M. (2011).Investigation of the Effects of Stores’ Tenant Mix  and Internal and External Environmental Conditions on Customer Satisfaction from     Shopping Centers in Iran. Asian Journal of Business Management Studies, 2 (2), 94 -100 Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433.  Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420.  Hokanson, S. (1995) The Deeper You Analyse, The More You Satisfy Customers, Marketing     News, p. 16. Hulland, John. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204. Kano, N. (1984). Attractive quality and must be quality. Hinshitsu (Quality), 14(2), 147–156 [in     Japanese]. Koçak, H. )2010).Convex Programming Approach to the Shopping Mall (AVM)Site Selection     Problems and Solutions European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 2 Levy, M., and Weitz, B. (1998). Retailing Management, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, United States Meyer-Ohle, H. (2014). Japanese retailers in Southeast Asia: strong local partners, shopping malls, and aiming for comprehensive internationalization. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 24(5), 500-515.  Memon, A. H., Rahman, I. Abdul, Aziz, A. A. A., & Abdullah, N. H. (2013). Using structural equation modelling to assess effects of construction resource related factors on cost overrun. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21, 06-15.  Oppenheim, A. N. (2000). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude easurement: Continuum International Publishing Group Pallant, J. (2009). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS: Open University Press. Rajagopal, M. (2006) Leisure shopping behavior and recreational retailing: A symbiotic analysis of     marketplace strategy and consumer response Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing    15 (2), 5 – 31 Rajagopal, M. (2008a). Time sharing at leisure facility centers: Analysis of sales performance    indicators. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property 7 (3), 248 – 262  Rajagopal, A. (2009). Growing shopping malls and behavior of urbanshoppers Retail leisure     property8(2), 99-118 Reid, R., and Brown, S. (1996). I hate shoppingan introspective perspective.  International     Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 24 (4), 4-16. Roldán, J. L., & Sánchez-Franco, M. J. (2012). Variance-based structural equation modeling: guidelines for using partial least squares. Res Methodol Innov Philos Softw Syst Eng Inf Syst, 193.  Sekaran, U., and Bougie, R. (2011). Research Methods for Business: A skill Building Approach Wiley Sit, J., Merrilees, B., Birch, D. (2003). Entertainment-Seeking Shopping Centre Patrons: The     Missing Segments. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31 (2), 80-94. Solomon, M. (2004) Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having and BeingPrentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Solomon, M.R. (1994). Consumer Behavior, 2nd ed., Allyn Bacon South, S.J., and Spitze, G. (1994) Housework in Marital and Non-Marital Households. American     Sociological Review, 59 (6), 327-347. Teller, C. (2008). Shopping streets versus shopping malls–determinants of agglomeration format attractiveness from the consumers' point of view. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(4), 381-403.  Wong, G., and Yu, L. 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251 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=251 2016-10-27 This study looked at the factors that would attract employees towards an ‘Employer of Choice’. The study explored an analysis into the previous addressed literature along with exploratory sets of interviews held with fresh graduates and five focus groups working in various organizations. This resulted into a set of proposed factors which were compiled in the form of a questionnaire and distributed among 2000 individuals across various domains. Statistical results revealed a number of factors with relatively high importance that were grouped based on their relatedness into a proposed framework to define the factors that constitute ‘an employer of choice’. Future research should extend to other sectors to enhance the process of the generalization of the results. Aaker, J.A. (1997), “Dimensions of brand personality”, Journal of Marketing             Research, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 347-356. Aggerholm, H.K., Andersen, S.E., and Thomsen, C. 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