JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 6 Volume 04 Issue 1 2009-10-01

143 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=143 2013-09-09 This paper examined the factors that are critical for small health and beauty aid (HBA) manufacturers to become Wal-Mart suppliers. The sample firms for this study were small HBA manufacturers who participated in a mass merchandising screening program. Participating firms submitted their product for external evaluation, and each product was either rejected or sent on to the mass merchandiser for buyer review. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factors that were critical in deciding which products were suitable for Wal-Mart’s buyers to examine. Owner gender and product gender were also examined using chi-square analysis and independent t-tests. We found that mass retailers wanted HBA products that have demand stability and low risk potential, and male-owned firms seemed to have better success in the mass merchandising marketplace because of the type of product that they submitted. Only 31 percent of male-owned firms submitted gender-affiliated products compared to fifty percent of female-owned firms. In our study, gender-affiliated products were found to be less successful than unisex products at getting forwarded onto Wal-Mart for buyer review and at receiving actual shelf space. Bucalo, A. (1998) ‘Overview of the US Cosmetics and Toiletries Market’.  Global Cosmetic Industry, 162(6): 26-31. Financial Highlights for Wal-Mart (2006) Available from: http://www.moneycentral.msn.com [Accessed August 2007] Fishman, C. (2003) ‘The Wal-Mart You Don’t Know’. Fast Company, 77(1): 68-75. Fishman, C. (2006) ‘The Wal-Mart Effect and a Decent Society: Who Knew Shopping Was So Important?’. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(3): 6-25. Knotts, T. L., Jones, S. C. , & Brown, K. L. (2008) ‘The Effect of Strategic Orientation and Gender on Survival: A Study of Mass Merchandising Suppliers’. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(1): 99-113. Knotts, T. L., Jones, S. C. , & LaPreze, M. (2003) ‘Effect of Owners’ Gender on Venture Quality Evaluation’. Women in Management Review, 19(2): 74-87. Landau, P. (2000) ‘Euromonitor Finds that Unisex Fragrances are Losing Appeal’. Chemical Market Reporter, 257(10): 31. Shapiro, L. J., & Foote, Cone & Belding (2003) ‘Wal-Mart in Oklahoma: Market Structure and Segmentation Study”, paper presented at Chicago American Marketing Association BrandSmart 2004 Conference, March 2004, Chicago. U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2006) Gross Domestic Product Available from [Accessed August 2007] U.S. Census Bureau (2004) General Merchandise Stores: 2002 Available from [Accessed March 2008] U.S. Census Bureau (2004) Health and Personal Care Stores: 2002 Available from [Accessed March 2008] U.S. Census Bureau (2005) Product Lines: 2002 Available from [Accessed February 2008] U.S. Census Bureau (2007) Statistical Abstract of the United States Available from [Accessed August 2007] Udell, G. G., O'Neill, M. F. & Baker, K. G. (1977) Guide to Invention and Innovation Evaluation. Washington, D.C: National Science Foundation. Udell, G., Atehortua, C.H. & Parker, R.S. (1995) The Support American Made Manual of Venture Assessment. Springfield, MO: Innovation Institute. von Hoffman, C. (2006) ‘So Long Unisex, Make it His or Hers’. Brandweek, 47(25): S50-S51. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-143.pdf Stephen C. Jones Tami L. Knotts Gerald Udell Retail buying mass merchandising gender 583105 40 0

144 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=144 2013-09-09 Due to the belief that customer retention is a much cost-effective strategy than attracting new customers, the customer loyalty subject has become of increased interest to most businesses over the last few years. Loyal customers always bring more profit for the organisation as they are more likely to recommend their friends and family, ready to pay premium prices and have increased repurchase intention. This study sets out to examine the degree of consumer’s loyalty in Bangladesh among consumers who shop from various superstores. The main objective is to empirically investigate the strength of loyalty of Bangladeshi food consumers on the basis of their shopping behaviour and store-level service provision, and thus provide evidence which demonstrates a model of consumer loyalty based on these factors. In order to understand consumer loyalty in Bangladesh Oliver’s four stage of loyalty model were adopted. A total sample of 150 food shopping consumers from three leading stores in Bangladesh were selected randomly and interviewed in March by trained interviewers. The survey results indicate that Bangladeshi food consumers are conscious of the cost and benefit (Cognitive loyalty), are conscious with satisfaction (Affective loyalty), satisfied consumers are likely to recommend their primary super store to their family and friends (Co-native Loyalty) and also they have frequencies of visit (Action Loyalty). The findings of research can be used to offer a sound basis for Alexander N (1997), International Retailing, London: Blackwell Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C., and Lehmann, D.R (1994), ``Customer satisfaction, market Share and profitability: Findings from Sweeden``, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, July, pp.53-66. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2002 Bangladesh Bureau of statistics, 2003 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2003). Post market survey Bangladesh Retail food sector report (2004), USDA, Foreign Agriculture Service, Gain Report,  Report number BG4001 Bloemer, J. and Ruyter, K (1998), ``On the Relationship between Store Image, Store Satisfaction and Store  Loyalty``, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32, No. 5/6, pp. 499-513 Caruana, A. (2002), ``Service Loyalty: The Effects of Service Quality and the Mediating Role of Customer   Satisfaction``, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36-37, No.7, pp. 811-828 Child, P.N., Heywood, S., and Kliger, M. (2002), ``The Grocery brands include hypermarkets, supermarkets and  discounters, the clothing brands, both specialists and department stores``, The Mckinsey Quarterly, No. 1 Cunningham, R.M. (1956), ``Brand Loyalty –What, Where, How Much? `` Harvard Business Review, Vol. 34, January-February, pp. 116-128 Dick, A.S. and Basu. K. (1994),``Customer Loyalty: Towards and Integrated Framework``, Journal of the Academy of marketing Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 99-113 Ghosh, A. (1990), Retail Management, 2nd Ed., The Dryden Press, Chicago, IL. Heskett, James L (2002), ``Beyond customer loyalty, Journal of Managing Service Quality, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp.355-357 Huddleston, P., Whipple, J., and VanAuken, A. (2004), ``Food Store Loyalty: Application of a consumer loyalty framework``, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 213-230 Jacoby, J. and Chestnut, R.W (1978). Brand Loyalty: Measurement and Management, New York: John Wiley andSons. Jarnow, J., and Guerreiro, M (1991). Inside the Fashion Business. New York: Macmillan. Keaveny, S.M and Hunt, K.A (1992), ``Conceptualisation and operationalisation of Retail Store Image``, Journal of  the Academy of Marketing Sciences, spring, pp. 165-176 Kotler, P. (1997), Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Koo, Dong-Mo (2003), ``Inter-relationships among Store Images, Store satisfaction and Store Loyalty among Korea   Discount Retail Patrons``, Asia pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 15, No. 4 Kumar, V., and Karante, K. (2000), ``the Effects of Retail Store Environment on Retailer Performance``, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49, pp. 167-181 Lascu, D.N., and Giese, T. (1995), ``Exploring Country Bias in Retailing Environment``, Journal of Global Marketing, Vol. 9, PP.41-58 Lindquist, D.J (1974), ``Meaning of Image``, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 29-38. Lucas, G.H., Bush, R.P., and Giresham, L.G (1994). Retailing, Boston: Houghton Miffin Company. Mitchell, V. W., and Kiral, R.H. (1998), ``Primary and Secondary store-loyal customer perceptions of groceryretailers``, British Food Journal, Vol. 100/7, pp. 312-319 Odekerken-Schroder, G., Wulf, K.D., Kasper, H., Kleijnen, M., Hoekstra, J., and Commandeur, H. (2001), ``TheImpact of quality on store loyalty: A Contingency Approach``, Total Quality Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 307-322 Oliver, R.L. (1997), Satisfaction: A Behavioural Perspective on the Customer, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Omar, O.E (1999). Retail Marketing, Harlow, England: Pearson Education Quinn, B and Alexander, N. (2002), ``International Retail Franchising: a conceptual framework``, International  Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 264-276 Robson Collin (2002). Real World Research (2nd Eds). Blackwell Publisher, London Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A (1997) Research Methods for Business Students. Pitman Publishing, London.  Sivadas, E., and Baker-Prewitt, J.L (2000), ``An Examination of the relationship between service quality, customer  satisfaction and store loyalty``, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.73-92 Smith, A.M. (1990), ``Quality Aspects of Service Marketing``, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol.8, No.6 Tahng, D.C., and Tan, B.L.B. (2003), ``Linking Consumer Perception to Preference of Retail Stores: An EmpiricalAssessment of the Multi-Attributes of Store Image``, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 10-4, pp. 193-200. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-144.pdf Dr. Palto Ranjan Datta Bonya R. Chakraborty . 573754 63 0

145 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=145 2013-09-09 In India, as well as many other countries, retailing is often looked upon as a petty merchant activity and a low priority area on policy circles. Organized retailing is looked as a consumerist luxury. But the truth is that retail not only has an economic affect but also a social one. The retail revolution has set its foot on the Indian soil. It has created serious excitement among the Indian consumers and the entrepreneurs. Statistics reveal that the amount of FDI into the retail sector is huge and is expected to increase more. Every other day there is news of a new company investing in the retail sector in India. The retail stocks have become the darling of the stock market. This paper reviewed various literatures to understand the factors affecting shopping behavior in organized retail outlets. It investigates the reasons for growth in the organized retail sector. Here an attempt has been made to find the important variables, which affect the consumer’s mindset while choosing a retail outlet. There would be several factors but which of these are the most important ones are to be decided. Again the reasons for growth of organized retailing in India have been studied. A comparative analysis has been made between different age groups. It has been done to study the behavior of these groups and their reaction patterns to a set of similar variables. Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D., and Voss, G.B., (2002),  “The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intentions”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, April, pp. 120-41. Baker, Julie, and Diana Haytko (2000), “The Mall as Entertainment: Exploring Teen Girls’ Total Shopping Experiences,” Journal of Shopping Center Research, 7(1): 29-58. Bellenger Danny N., Don H. Robertson., and Barnett A. Greengberg, 1977 “Shopping centre patronage motives” Journal of Retailing, 53 Summer, 29-38. Benoun, M and Helies-Hassid, M.L (1995), Distribution: Actuers et Strategies, Economica Paris. Berman, B. and Evans, J.R. (2001). Retail Management, (8thed), Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice Hall  Berry, Leonard L., Lewis P. Carbone and Stephan H. Haeckel (2002), “Managing the Total Customer Experience,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3): 85-89. Bitner, M.J. (1990), “Evaluating service encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses”, Journal of Marketing, Vol.54, pp. 69-82. Dabholkar, P.A; Thorpe, D.I & Rentz, J.O.,(1996), “ a measure of service quality for retail stores: scale development and validation” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 24(1), 3-16 Davies, B.J, Flemmer, M (1995), "Consumer behavior convergence in the European Union", Service Industries Journal, Vol. 15 No.4, pp.177-90 Fotheingham, A.S (1988) “consumer store choice and choice set definition” Marketing Science vol. 7 no.3 pp. 299-310 Hisrich, R.D., Dornoff, R.J. Kernan, J.B.,(1972), “ Perceived risk in store selection”, Journal of Marketing Research, Volume 9, pp. 435-9 Kinley, Tammy, Youn-Kyung Kim, and Judith Forney (2002), “Tourist-Destination Shopping Centers: An Importance-Performance Analysis of Attributes,” Journal of Shopping Center Research, 10(2): 51-72. Kooijman, Dion (2002), “A Third Revolution in Retail? The Dutch Approach To Leisure and Urban Entertainment,” Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 2-3 (August): 214-229. Knee, Chirstopher (2002), “Learning from Experience: Five Challenges for Retailers,” International Journal of Retail and Distribution, 30(11/12): 518-531. Levitt, Theodore (1983), The globalization of markets “, Harvard Business Review, 61 (May/June), 92-102. Mulky and Nargundkar. “Modernisation in Indian Retailing: Managerial and Policy Perspectives”, in Udyog Pragati, vol. 27, no.2, pp. 1-8, April-June 2003.  Report, 2009 Global Powers of Retail, from Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in conjunction with STORES Magazine. Nunally, J. Psychometric theory, New York; McGraw Hill, 1967. Piyush Kumar Sinha; Arindam Banerjee (2004), “Store choice behaviour in an evolving market”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management; vol. 32, pp. 482 Sinha, P.K., Bannerjee, A. and Uniyal, D.P. (2002). Deciding where to buy: Store choice behaviour of Indian shoppers, Vikalpa, 27 (2) 13-28  Steenkamp, J.-B.E.M. and F. Ter Hofstede (2002), “International Market Segmentation: Issues and Perspectives,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(3), 185-213 Wang, Shuguang, Ricardo Gomez-Insausti, Marco Biasiotto, Pina Barbiero and Bruce McNally (2000), “A Comparative Analysis of Entertainment Cross-Shopping in a Power Node and a Regional Mall,” Journal of Shopping Center Research 7(1): 59-84. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-145.pdf Jogendra Kumar Nayak Cultural proximity Per capita outlets Market intelligence. 559487 56 0

146 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=146 2013-09-09 Retail medical outlets are considered as one of the most profitable business in today’s world. This is an industry with consistent demand and least affected by recessionary trends. But, the competition existing in this field is considered to be a greatest challenge for the retailers. In order to overcome this competition, it is necessary to attract the consumers through knowing their needs and thereby meet the needs and satisfy them to the full extent. This paper, focused on the preferences of university students towards retail medical outlets, aims at providing suggestions to attain a competitive position for a medical outlet. Tanuja Singh (2005); “Direction to consumer prescription advertizing”, Journal of consumermarketing vol .22 No.7,2005 pp.369-378 Eric.E.Baca (2005); “Direction to consumer advertizing and young consumers”, Journal of consumer                       marketing vol.22 No.7,2005 pp.379-387 Ramakrishna dhatrika (2008);”Break through retail solutions”, Retail biz, vol-21 issue-3,pp.36-39 LV Sastry and Era Singh (2008);”Future designs”, Retail biz vol-12,issue-2,pp.22-26 Anustup Dutta (2008);” Branding in retail”, Retail biz,vol-24,issue-5,pp.39-43 Sudipta k Sen (2009);” Competing as a 21st century retailer”, Retail biz, vol-12,issue-5,pp.18-21 Karl Mckeever (2009);” Retail training”, Retail biz, vol-24,issue-2,pp.27-31 Philip kotler et al(2007), Marketing Management, 13th Edition,Prentice Hall. Shiraz Dutta (2009);”Get ready for the magic of CRM”,vol-22, Issue-1,pp.21-25 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-146.pdf A Vasumathi (Mrs.) T Muthupalaniappan Customer preferences Demand Needs Competition Competitive position. 617395 50 0

147 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=147 2013-09-09 This study seeks to examine the quality of service delivery of retail banks in Ghana using the five SERVQUAL dimensions by Parasuraman et al 1990. It also ascertains the perception of quality service held by customers of these banks and their opinion of the level of quality of service they receive from their banks using the SERVQUAL instrument. The study focuses on service quality but also looks at customer satisfaction at the same time using the same dimensions of the SERVQUAL model. An exploratory approach and a random sampling method are used to select 200 customers of four banks in Ghana. The results indicate that service quality in the retail banks used for this study is altogether good. Among the five dimensions tested, Reliability scored the lowest for ‘Perception’ and ‘Tangibles’, the highest. Also, on the average, around 60 % of customers are satisfied with the quality of service they receive from their banks and around 36% are very satisfied. Anderson, E.A. and Sullivan, M.W. (1993), "The antecedents and consequences of customer satisfaction for firms", Marketing Science, Vol. 12 Spring, pp. 125-43 Bahia, K, Paulin, M. and Perrien, J. (2000) “Reconciliating Literature about client satisfaction and Perceived Service Quality”, Journal of Professional Services Marketing, No 2. pp. 27-41 Berry L.L. and Parasuraman A. (1991) Marketing Services, competing Through Quality, The Free Press, New York Bitner, M.J. and Hubbert, A.R. (1994), "Encounter satisfaction versus overall satisfaction versus quality", in Rust, R.T. and Oliver, R.L. (Eds), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Sage, London Bitner, M.J, Boom, B. H and Mohr, L.A (1994) “Critical Service Encounters: The Employees Viewpoint” Journal of Marketing, pp.95-106 Buttle, F (1996) “SERVQUAL: review, critique, research agenda” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 Iss. 1 pp. 8-31     Carman, J.M. (1990) "Consumer perceptions of service quality: an assessment of the SERVQUAL dimensions", Journal of Retailing, Spring, pp. 33-55 Cronin, J.J. and Taylor, S.A. (1992), "Measuring service quality: a reexamination and extension", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, July, pp. 55-68 Gronroos, C. (1990) Service Management and Marketing - Managing the Moments of Truth in Service Competition, Massachusetts, Toronto, Lexington Books. Finn, D.W. and Lamb, C.W. (1991), "An evaluation of the SERVQUAL scales in a retailing setting", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18, pp. 483-490 Jamal A. and Naser K. (2002) “Customer Satisfaction and Retail banking: An assessment of some of the key antecedents” The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 20, Iss. 4/5 pp. 146 15pp Lake N. and Hickey K. (2002) The Customer Service handbook, Kogan Page Limited Oliver, R.L. (1980) "A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. XVII, November, pp. 460-9 Oliver, R.L. (1993) "Cognitive, affective and attribute base of the satisfaction response", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 20, December, pp. 418-30. Parasuraman, A, Ziethaml, V. A and Berry, L.  L. (1988), “SERVQUAL: a multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64 No.1, pp. 12-40 PricewaterhouseCoopers in association with Ghana association of Bankers (2007) Ghana Banking Survey  Taylor, S.A. and Baker, T.L. (1994) "An assessment of the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the formation of consumers' purchase intentions", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 70 No. 2, pp. 163-7 Woodside, A.G., Frey, L.L. and Daly, R.T. (1989), "Linking service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioural intentions", Journal of Health Care Marketing, Vol. 9, pp. 5-17 Zeithaml V.A, Parasuraman A and Berry L. L. (1990) Delivering quality Service, Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations, The Free Press, New York https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-147.pdf Yvonne Nimoh-Brema Service Quality Customer Satisfaction Retail Banking 555452 52 0

148 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=148 2013-09-09 Internal marketing has been present as a concept in business literature for many decades, yet there appears to be no clear definition as to its actual purpose, its benefits, or who should implement such an initiative, if at all. The objective of this research was to take an exploratory investigation into internal marketing from the perspective of the employee, in order to ascertain their interpretation of internal marketing and its perceived level of importance within an organisation. Through the process of interviews and a focus group, the thoughts and beliefs of employees were extracted and analysed in relation to current literature. Interestingly, the apparent confusion as to an actual definition of internal marketing was present throughout the research, as was the failure to find agreement on who should implement such an initiative. The research also highlighted the different benefits that employees believed internal marketing could produce, from shared knowledge and commitment, to actual product sales. However, internal marketing was unanimously seen as important and the input of senior management critical to its success. Ahmed, P., Rafiq, M., (2000), ‘Advances in the internal marketing concept: definition, synthesis and extension’, Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 14, Number 6, pp. 449-462 Ahmed, P., Rafiq, M., (1995), ‘The role of internal marketing in the implementation of marketing strategies’, Journal of Marketing Practice, Volume 01, Number 4, pp.32-51 Asif, S., Sargeant, A., (1998), ‘The strategic application of internal marketing – an investigation of UK banking’, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Volume 16, Number 2, pp. 66-79 Asif, S., Sargeant, A., (2000), ‘Modelling internal communications in the financial services sector’, European Journal of Marketing, Volume 34, Issue 3 /4, pp. 1 Ballantyne, D., (2000), ‘Internal relationship marketing: a strategy for knowledge renewal’, The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Volume 18, Number 6, pp. 274-286 Barnet, V., (1991), ‘Sample Survey – Principles & methods’, Edward Arnold Benady, D., (2001), ‘The inside story’, Marketing Week, September 6, 2001, pp. 30-31 Bernard, R., (1997), ‘The corporate intranet’, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 68     Brabbs, C., (2001), ‘Bringing out ideas and creative skills’, Marketing, July 26, 2001, Haymarket Publications     Carruthers, J., (1990), ‘A rationale for the use of semi-structured interviews’, Journal of Educational     Administration, Volume 28, Number 1     Caruana, A., Calleya, P., (1998), ‘The effect of internal marketing on organisational commitment among retail bank managers’, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Volume 16, Number 3, pp. 108-116     Chaston, I., (1990), ‘Managing for marketing excellence’, McGraw-Hill book company     Christopher, M., Payne, A., Ballantyne, D., (1991), ‘Relationship Marketing’, Butterworth Heinemann, pp. 30     Clarke, A., (2001), ‘Research takes an inventive approach’, Marketing, September 13, 2001, Haymarket Publications     Dana, J., (2000), ‘Don’t forget staff in marketing plans’, Marketing News, Volume 34, Issue 6, pp.10-11 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-148.pdf Mbago Ndifuna Hamza Internal marketing Financial services Customer service. 580413 63 0

149 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=149 2013-09-09 Marketing management strategy is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. Consumers claim to hate marketing - mostly, because they get too much unwanted marketing. In response, regulators develop medium-by-medium marketing suppression regulations. Unfortunately, these ad hoc solutions do little to satisfy consumers, and dynamic technologies and business practices quickly render them moot. Instead of continuing this cycle, there would be some benefit to developing a cross-media marketing regulatory scheme. However, any holistic solution must be predicated on a clear rationale for regulating marketing. Marketing departments are addressing these imperatives by instituting an Enterprise Marketing Management strategy that aligns marketing staff, marketing process and marketing automation with the goals of the company. This paper reviews the applicability of marketing management to teen driving safety. It draws on a wide range of information, including evaluation studies of specific programs as well as standards of practice within these two professions. The paper attempts to distinguish it from the practice of commercial marketing management, whose goal is profit. Armstrong, Gary and Philip Kotler. Principles of Marketing.      "The World of Marketing According to Kotler" American Management Association. http://www.amanet.org/books/catalog/0814472958 _Conversation.htm      Weinreich, Nedra Kline. "Branding for Social Marketers - Part 1." http://www.social-marketing.com/blog/2006/09/branding-for-social-marketers-part-1.html      Maslow's hierarchy of needs." Wikipedia. 7 July 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs      Weinreich, Nedra Kline. "Branding for Social Marketers - Part 2." http://www.social-marketing.com/blog/2006/09/branding-for-social-marketers-part-2.html      Youth Media Campaign." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/youthcampaign/      "Branding: The Basics." Business Link. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-149.pdf S. S. Aggarwal Marketing management strategy Resources and activities Cross-media Automation Commercial marketing. 564405 61 0

150 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=150 2013-09-09 In developing countries, including Ghana, the water sector faces tremendous challenges in attracting investment into the sector. Moreover, attempts to introduce private sector participation have always attracted great resistance. In Ghana the water shortage problem has compounded over the ages due to a mixture of population growth, rapid expansion of the urban cities amidst poor regional planning. Private water suppliers (water vendors) have been brought in by the government as a short term measure for solving the urban water supply problems. These private suppliers charge exorbitant amounts to provide water to households irrespective of their social status. By using a preliminary field survey of the informal water sector in Accra and Tema metropolitan areas in Ghana, this study demonstrate that consumers are already paying very high amounts between GH¢2.00 - GH¢6.50 ($1.35 USD – 4.39 USD) per m3 of water compared to the GH¢0.66 ($0.45 USD) per m3 being charged by the official water company and therefore are able to pay for a reasonable tariff if the official services are improved and expanded to include all. Abraham,E.M., Rooijen,D.V., Cofie, O. and Raschid-Sally L., (2007) Planning urban water – dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana. SWITCH Scientific Meeting, University of Birmingham, UK.     Acquah, B.K.P (2009) Financing Water Projects in Ghana:  Customers Willingness to Pay. A DBA Dissertation, Breyer State University. London College of Management Studies Library. United Kingdom     Addo, K. S., (2003) Ghana's water battle heats up. Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3145001.stm.     Briscoe, J. (1997) Financing and managing Water and wastewater services: A Global perspective. Proceedings of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association 1997. World Bank. Washington, D.C.     Brookshire, D.S., and Whittington, D. (1993) Water-Resources Issues in the Developing-Countries. Water Resources Research, 29(7): 1883-1888.     Cudjoe F., (2004) Time up for Commodification and Privatization of Urban Water Supply in Ghana. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/printnews.php?ID=64473     Fresh Water Country Profile – Ghana, (2004) Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf     Ghana Health Service (2007) Greater Accra Region 2007 Review of Sector Performance. Retrieved April 18, 2008, from http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/region.php?dd=4&region=Greater%20Accra%20Region     Ghana National Coalition Against the Privatisation of Water (2001) The Accra Declaration On The Right To Water. Retrieved October 20, 2006 from http://www.africaaction.org/docs01/wat0105.htm     Ghana Statistical Service (n.d.) Population in households by region, type of locality, sex and household size. Retrieved June 12, 2008, from http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/householdbyregion.html     Goldblatt, M. (1999) Assessing the Effective Demand for Improved Water Supplies in Informal Settlements: A Willingness to Pay Survey in Vlakfontein and Finetown, Johannesburg. Geoforum, 30: 27-41.     Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. 87 p. WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04. [715 KB]     McPhail, A.A. (1993) "The "Five Percent Rule" For Improved Water Service: Can Households Afford More?" World Development, 21(6): 963.  MIT OCW (2005) Water & Sanitation Planning in Developing Countries.  Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://search.mit.edu/search?__EVENTTARGET=&__EVENTARGUMENT=&site=ocw&client=mit&getfields=*&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=http%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2FOcwWeb%2Fsearch%2Fgoogle-ocw.xsl&proxyreload=1&as_dt=i&oe=utf-8&departmentName=web&courseName=&q=financing+water      PURC (2005) Urban Water Tariff Policy.  Public Utilities Regulatory Commission. Retrieved January 1, 2007, from http://purc.com.gh/publications.php     UN Media IRIN, (n.d.) Ghana goes ahead with controversial water privatisation. Retrieved January 13, 2007 from http://www.afrol.com/articles/15312     Water Aid (2005) National water sector assessment – Ghana. Retrieved May, 20 2009. http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/ghananationalwatersectorassessment.pdf     Zerah, M.H. (1998) How to assess the quality dimension of urban infrastructure: The case of water supply in Delhi. Cities, 15(4): 285-290. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/i-6_c-150.pdf Dr Benjamin Kingsley Panyin Acquah Water Vendors water supply in Ghana private sector participation informal water sector 588015 44 0